A dual-process approach to health risk decision making: The prototype willingness model

Gerrard, Meg; Gibbons, Frederick X.; Houlihan, Amy E.; Stock, Michelle L.; Pomery, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.10.001

Cited by 610 publications

(784 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…Prototype favourability and similarity were correlated with willingness as predicted by the PWM (Gerrard, et al, 2008). These measures were also related to intentions, alcohol consumption and harms, supporting the expectation that the PWM is related to risk behaviour in this population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

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Age differences in alcohol prototype perceptions and willingness to drink in UK adolescents

Davies

Martin

Foxcroft

2015

Psychology, Health & Medicine

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Using the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) as a framework, this study sought to explore the relationship between prototype perceptions, willingness and alcohol consumption in a sample of adolescents in the United Kingdom. Adolescents aged 11-17 were asked about their alcohol prototype perceptions, willingness to drink, intentions, alcohol consumption, drunkenness and harms using a cross sectional online survey. Participants were recruited through opportunity sampling via schools and parents. The survey was completed by 178 respondents (51% female; 91 aged 11-15, 87 aged 16-17). Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences between participants aged 11-15 and 16-17 on PWM measures, even when experience with drinking was accounted for (p<.001). There were significant interactions (p<.001) between age and prototype perceptions; younger participants rated non-drinker prototypes as more favourable and more similar to the self than 16-17 year-old participants. Willingness and intentions interacted with age; both measures were similar in 16-17 year-olds, whereas younger participants scored significantly higher on willingness than intentions (p<.001). Three distinct scales of prototype descriptions were identified in principal components analysis.Characteristics related to sociability significantly predicted willingness to drink alcohol in the sample (p<.001). This study extends previous research by demonstrating that the PWM can provide a theoretical explanation of adolescent drinking in the UK. The results suggest that 11-15 year-olds may the most suitable age for an intervention that targets alcohol prototypes, with a focus on sociability characteristics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…The first a rational, planned route via attitudes, norms and intentions, and the second a reactive, unplanned route, operating outside of conscious control (Gerrard, Gibbons, Houlihan, Stock, & Pomery, 2008). The reactive pathway acknowledges the social context and often unplanned nature of adolescent risk behaviour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age differences in alcohol prototype perceptions and willingness to drink in UK adolescents

Davies

Martin

Foxcroft

2015

Psychology, Health & Medicine

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“…[24][25][26] Validated measures were included on smoking expectancies, perceptions of peer smokers, academic and social competence, and self-control. 22,23,26,27 Several measures were derived from problem behavior theory, which posits that adolescent substance use derives from rebellion against conventional values, tendency toward acting-out behavior, and affiliation with deviance-prone peers. 20,28,29 Measures were included on rebelliousness and sensation seeking, impulsiveness and emotional dysregulation, and affiliation with peers who smoke.…”

Section: Predictor Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Exclusive E-Cigarette Use and Dual E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Use in Adolescents

et al. 2015

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To describe electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and cigarette use among adolescents and determine whether established risk factors for smoking discriminate user categories.METHODS: School-based survey of 1941 high school students (mean age 14.6 years) in Hawaii; data collected in 2013. The survey assessed e-cigarette use and cigarette use, alcohol and marijuana use, and psychosocial risk and protective variables (eg, parental support, academic involvement, smoking expectancies, peer smoking, sensation seeking). Analysis of variance and multinomial regression examined variation in risk and protective variables across the following categories of ever-use: e-cigarette only, cigarette only, dual use (use of both products), and nonuser (never used either product).RESULTS: Prevalence for the categories was 17% (e-cigarettes only), 12% (dual use), 3% (cigarettes only), and 68% (nonusers). Dual users and cigarette-only users were highest on risk status (elevated on risk factors and lower on protective factors) compared with other groups. E-cigarette only users were higher on risk status than nonusers but lower than dual users. E-cigarette only users and dual users more often perceived e-cigarettes as healthier than cigarettes compared with nonusers.CONCLUSIONS: This study reports a US adolescent sample with one of the largest prevalence rates of e-cigarette only use in the existing literature. Dual use also had a substantial prevalence. The fact that e-cigarette only users were intermediate in risk status between nonusers and dual users raises the possibility that e-cigarettes are recruiting medium-risk adolescents, who otherwise would be less susceptible to tobacco product use. WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:There is a debate about whether e-cigarettes will benefit public health. However, there is little knowledge about how e-cigarette users and dual users (those using both e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes) differ from other adolescents on a range of variables. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Teenagers who only used e-cigarettes were intermediate in levels of risk and protective factors between nonusers and those who used both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. This raises a question about whether e-cigarettes recruit low-risk youth to tobacco product use.

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“…The field of social psychology has proposed dual process theories, which divide cognition into two general categories: controlled and automatic (Gawronski & Creighton, 2013). Over 23 theories have attempted to capture the interaction of these two functions in general decision making (Gawronski & Creighton, 2013;Reyna & Rivers, 2008) and a number of them focus on the role of both cognition and emotion in adolescent health decision making (Gerrard, Gibbons, Houlihan, Stock, & Pomery, 2008;Reyna, 2004;Wiers, Houben, Roefs, Hofmann, & Stacy, 2010). Recognizing that decision-making is not a solely cognitive process, dual process theories reflect the concepts supported by recent developments in neuroscience, and integrate the role of affect and emotion, behavioral willingness (Gibbons et al, 2009), memories and mental representations of people or settings associated with risk (Gibbons et al, 2009), implicit processes , and risk-avoidant values that are stimulated by specific situational context (Reyna & Farley, 2006;Reyna, 2004), into decision making frameworks.…”

Section: Revisiting the Theoretical Foundation Of Curriculamentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent School-Based Sex Education: Using Developmental Neuroscience to Guide New Directions for Policy and Practice

Suleiman

Brindis²

2014

Sex Res Soc Policy

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While school-based sex education is one of the key program and policy solutions to improve adolescent sexual health outcomes, new efforts are needed to strengthen its overall impact. The cognitive, hormonal, emotional, and physical changes that accompany the onset of puberty and occur throughout the teenage years play a significant role in aspects of adolescent sexual risk taking. Thus, one approach to advancing current understanding of these complex issues is to leverage emerging knowledge in developmental affective neuroscience over the past 15 years, which suggests some potentially promising innovations that may inform new educational directions to improve adolescent sexual health. Exploring the conceptual and empirical advances in understanding adolescent brain development through the lens of the conceptualization, implementation, and evaluation of sex education, this article provides new perspectives that encourage the testing of innovative approaches to sex education policy and practice.

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A dual-process approach to health risk decision making: The prototype willingness model

Cited by 610 publications

References 119 publications

Age differences in alcohol prototype perceptions and willingness to drink in UK adolescents

Age differences in alcohol prototype perceptions and willingness to drink in UK adolescents

Risk Factors for Exclusive E-Cigarette Use and Dual E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Use in Adolescents

Adolescent School-Based Sex Education: Using Developmental Neuroscience to Guide New Directions for Policy and Practice

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