A facile, inexpensive and green electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of imidacloprid residue in rice using activated electrodes

Abstract

The development of sensitive, facile, cost-effective and eco-friendly sensors is essential for monitoring imidacloprid (IDP) residue in large scale. Compared with popular modification of electrodes by advanced materials, electrochemical activation...

WS2-Nanosheet-Modified Electrodes as an Efficient Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Nonenzymatic Detection of the Insecticide Imidacloprid

“…IMI (adsorbed on electrode surface) 4e product + (5) Initially, the diffusion of IMI molecules takes place from the PBS solution to the electrode−electrolyte interface and then physisorption of IMI molecules occurs at the electrode surface.…”

“…6,7 Imidacloprid (IMI) is one of the most commonly and commercially used neonicotinoid-based insecticides for repelling pests from more than 140 crops, including rice, cotton, and vegetables. 5,8 It offers high efficiency, specificity and a broad spectrum with fewer toxic effects for mammals. 9 Nevertheless, considering their physicochemical properties such as high solubility in water, good stability, long half-life in soil and water, and resistance to hydrolysis, it has a greater capability to encroach in groundwater resources.…”

“…14,15 Thus, countries like China and Japan have introduced a maximum residual limit of IMI in brown rice as 0.05 and 1 mg/kg, respectively. 5 Therefore, this mandates intensive and robust procedures to monitor and detect IMI residues from environmental resources and agricultural products. Conventional chromatographic methods are commonly employed for the estimation of IMI residues.…”

“…Imidacloprid (IMI) is one of the most commonly and commercially used neonicotinoid-based insecticides for repelling pests from more than 140 crops, including rice, cotton, and vegetables. , It offers high efficiency, specificity and a broad spectrum with fewer toxic effects for mammals . Nevertheless, considering their physicochemical properties such as high solubility in water, good stability, long half-life in soil and water, and resistance to hydrolysis, it has a greater capability to encroach in groundwater resources. , The intensive and widespread use of IMI in the agricultural sector has increased its persistence in environmental resources, leading to pollution in soil and water, and subsequently it has invaded the food chain. , Furthermore, the overuse of IMI has elevated the limit of IMI residues in agricultural products, which is consequently creating ill effects (neurological disorders, genotoxicity, etc.)…”

Micro-/Mesoporous Fluorescent Polymers and Devices for Visual Pesticide Detection with Portability, High Sensitivity, and Ultrafast Response

“…Gas chromatography–mass and high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry are usual methods for pesticide detection, but their detection procedure is tedious and time-consuming because of the requirements of expensive instruments operated by professional technicians, and the samples have to be sent to laboratory for analysis. In the past years, a variety of new materials and analytical technologies for pesticide detection have appeared in the publications, including hydrogels, nanoparticles, − porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), − molecularly imprinted polymers, electrochemical sensor and biosensor technology, , and so forth.…”