“…Regarding noninvasive visualization of the TVs of small model animals, fluorescence bioimaging has been shown to be advantageous in its high spatiotemporal resolutions. 53,54 Particularly, the recent advances in synthetic nanophosphors capable of luminescence emission in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II, 1000 to 1400 nm), such as single-wall carbon nanotubes, 55 inorganic quantum dots, 56 and rare earth doped upconversion nanoparticles, 57,58 provide new opportunities for real-time bioimaging with a spatial resolution of sub-100 μm and an imaging depth of millimeters. The NIR-II optical bioimaging, besides an impressive penetration depth, can minimize the interference from the autofluorescence of biological tissues, owing to the relatively low light absorption in this spectral window.…”