A Fast and Comprehensive Analysis of 32 Synthetic Cannabinoids Using Agilent Triple Quadrupole LC–MS-MS

Borg, Damon; Tverdovsky, Anna; Stripp, Richard

doi:10.1093/jat/bkw104

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Parent compounds are rarely present in urine, being their corresponding metabolites the most common target compounds [16,17]. However, Vikingsson et al [31] investigated AB-FUBINACA biomarkers in urine from 28 authentic cases, and AB-FUBINACA parent compound was detected in 54% of these cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

Blandino

Wetzel

Kim

et al. 2018

CPB

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Background Urine is a common biological sample to monitor recent drug exposure, and oral fluid is an alternative matrix of increasing interest in clinical and forensic toxicology. Limited data are available about oral fluid vs. urine drug disposition, especially for synthetic cannabinoids. Objective To compare urine and oral fluid as biological matrices to monitor recent drug exposure among HIV-infected homeless individuals. Methods Seventy matched urine and oral fluid samples were collected from 13 participants. Cannabis, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cocaine and opiates were analyzed in urine by the enzyme-multiplied-immunoassay-technique and in oral fluid by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS). Eleven synthetic cannabinoids were analyzed in urine and in oral fluid by LC-MSMS. Results Five oral fluid samples were positive for AB-FUBINACA. In urine, 4 samples tested positive for synthetic cannabinoids PB-22, 5-Fluoro-PB-22, AB-FUBINACA, and metabolites UR-144 5-pentanoic acid and UR-144 4-hydroxypentyl. In only one case, oral fluid and urine results matched, both specimens being AB-FUBINACA positive. For cannabis, 40 samples tested positive in urine and 30 in oral fluid (85.7% match). For cocaine, 37 urine and 52 oral fluid samples were positive (75.7% match). Twenty-four urine samples were positive for opiates, and 25 in oral fluid (81.4% match). For benzodiazepines, 23 samples were positive in urine and 25 in oral fluid (85.7% match). Conclusion/Discussion These results offer new information about drugs disposition between urine and oral fluid. Oral fluid is a good alternative matrix to urine for monitoring cannabis, cocaine, opiates and benzodiazepines recent use; however, synthetic cannabinoids showed mixed results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In New York City, there have been more than 6,000 synthetic cannabinoids-related emergency department visits since January 2015 [15]. Synthetic cannabinoids concentrations have been reported in urine [16,17] and in oral fluid [18,19]; however, data in paired urine and oral fluid samples are not currently available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

Blandino

Wetzel

Kim

et al. 2018

CPB

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“…Currently, A4 is the most convenient target for ADB-CHMINACA intake, as its standard is available for purchase. Remarkably, although it is recommended for synthetic cannabinoids analysis (25,(37)(38)(39)(40)(41), for ADB-CHMINACA identification, it is not necessary to hydrolyze urine samples as no phase II ADB-CHMINACA metabolite was detected.…”

Section: Comparison To Reference Standardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of New Synthetic Cannabinoid ADB-CHMINACA (MAB-CHMINACA) Metabolites in Human Hepatocytes

Carlier

Diao

Sempio

et al. 2017

AAPS J

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Abstract.ADB-CHMINACA (MAB-CHMINACA) is a new synthetic cannabinoid with high potency and many reported adverse events and fatalities. The drug is currently scheduled in several countries in Europe and the USA. Analytical methods need to be developed to confirm ADB-CHMINACA intake for clinical and forensic programs. For many synthetic cannabinoids, parent compound is not detectable in biological samples after intake, making the detection of metabolites the only way to prove consumption. Therefore, detection of ADB-CHMINACA metabolites in biological specimens is critical. Since there are currently no published data on ADB-CHMINACA metabolism, we aimed to identify its major metabolites. Cryopreserved human hepatocytes were incubated with 10 μmol/L ADB-CHMINACA for 3 h. Incubations were analyzed with liquid chromatography on a biphenyl column, high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (orbitrap), and metabolite identification software. A reference standard of six commercially available potential metabolites was simultaneously analyzed under the same conditions to allow correct assignment of isomers. We detected ten major metabolites. Biotransformations mainly occurred at the cyclohexylmethyl tail of the compound, as also observed with structural analogs' metabolism. Minor reactions also occurred at the tert-butyl chain. Only two analytical standards of potential metabolites matched an actual metabolite detected in hepatocyte incubations. We recommend A9 (ADB-CHMINACA hydroxycyclohexylmethyl), A4 (ADB-CHMINACA 4″-hydroxycyclohexyl), and A6 (ADB-CHMINACA hydroxycyclohexylmethyl) as metabolite targets to document ADB-CHMINACA intake in clinical and forensic cases. Additionally, these results will guide analytical standard manufacturers to better provide suitable references for further studies on ADB-CHMINACA metabolism.

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“…However, these methods can only identify the compounds they are designed for, and updates are not easily performed. A number of quantitative screening methods in urine by LC–MS/MS have previously been published . High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with quadrupole time of flight (QTOF) instrumentation that acquires full spectrum data is not limited by scan/dwell times, and introducing new masses/formulas to the method will not affect the detection of the previously included ones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the low concentrations of unconjugated metabolites in urine often require cleavage of the glucuronidated metabolites by hydrolysis before analysis. In previously published identification and quantification assays, preparation techniques varying from simple dilution, salting‐out liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and traditional LLE to more complex procedures including supported liquid extraction and solid‐phase extraction (SPE) have been used. To simplify sample preparation, automatization of this procedure has become more common …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening, quantification, and confirmation of synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine by UHPLC–QTOF–MS

Gundersen

Spigset

Josefsson

2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Synthetic cannabinoids are one of the most significant groups within the category new psychoactive substances (NPS) and in recent years new compounds have continuously been introduced to the market of recreational drugs. A sensitive and quantitative screening method in urine with metabolites of frequently seized compounds in Norway (AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, AB-CHMINACA, AM-2201, AKB48, 5F-AKB48, BB-22, JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-081, JWH-122, JWH-203, JWH-250, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, RCS-4, THJ-2201, and UR-144) using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) has been developed. The samples were treated with ß-glucuronidase prior to extraction and solid-phase extraction was used. Liquid handling was automated using a robot.Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18-column and a gradient of water and acetonitrile, both with 0.1% formic acid. Each sample was initially screened for identification and quantification followed by a second injection for confirmation. The concentrations by which the compounds could be confirmed varied between 0.1 and 12 ng/mL. Overall the validation showed that the method fulfilled the set criteria and requirements for matrix effect, extraction recovery, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and stability. One thousand urine samples from subjects in drug withdrawal programs were analyzed using the presented method. The metabolite AB-FUBINACA M3, hydroxylated metabolite of 5F-AKB48, hydroxylated metabolite of AKB48, AKB48 Npentanoic acid, 5F-PB-22 3-carboxyindole, BB-22 3-carboxyindole, JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl), JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid, and JWH-073 N-butanoic acid were quantified and confirmed in 2.3% of the samples. The method was proven to be sensitive, selective and robust for routine use for the investigated metabolites. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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A Fast and Comprehensive Analysis of 32 Synthetic Cannabinoids Using Agilent Triple Quadrupole LC–MS-MS

Cited by 30 publications

References 34 publications

Oral Fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

Oral Fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

Identification of New Synthetic Cannabinoid ADB-CHMINACA (MAB-CHMINACA) Metabolites in Human Hepatocytes

Screening, quantification, and confirmation of synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine by UHPLC–QTOF–MS

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