A Fast Frequency Control Based on Model Predictive Control Taking Into Account of Optimal Allocation of Power From the Energy Storage System

Modern power systems characterized by complex topologies require accurate situational awareness to maintain an adequate level of reliability. Since they are large and spread over wide geographical areas, it is inevitable that failures will occur. Various generation and transmission disturbances, such as generator and transmission line tripping and load disconnection, give rise to a mismatch between generation and demand, which manifest as frequency events. These events can take the form of negligible frequency deviations or more severe emergencies that can precipitate cascading outages, depending on the severity of the disturbance and efficacy of remedial action schema. The impacts of such events have become more critical recently due to increased levels of renewable penetration and distributed energy resources, which have caused a decline in system synchronous inertia. Due to the repercussions, it is indispensable to arrest such disturbances on time by activating primary frequency control measures. In this paper, a comprehensive systematic literature review is presented on the techniques used for event detection in power systems and the methods of primary frequency response in modern power systems. The paper also highlights the impacts of severe frequency events within power systems.

Section: C: Battery Energy Storage Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency Event Detection and Mitigation in Power Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

Farooq

Bass

2022

“…Note that the PFR parameters, such as inertia constant (H), damping coefficient (D), governor-turbine constant (T g ), and an equivalent droop constant (R g ), are obtained via identification method, proposed by [32]. Pm , P ESS , Pe , and f denote the mechanical power change, ESS power, electrical power change, and frequency deviation, respectively.…”

Section: A Description Of the System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The corresponding estimated power system parameters are obtained as H = 11.22, D = 0.48, R g = 0.22, and T g = 5.97 based on calculation in [32].…”

Section: Parameter Identification and Determination For Taipower Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, in [28], a delay-dependent robust method is proposed for analysis of a PID-type LFC scheme considering time delays. Recently, model predictive control (MPC) [29]- [31] has attracted great attention for power system controller because of its simplicity in developing the control strategy for a multi-input and multi-output system and its capability of dealing with various types of constraints imposed by the system [32]. Moreover, [33] shows that MPC based LFC controllers have low overshoot and fast response, compared to the conventional PI based.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Improved Model Predictive Fast Frequency Control for Power System Stability Against Unknown Time-Delay Switch Attack

Subroto

Lian

2022

Self Cite

A modern power grid is a cyber-physical system, which are vulnerable to cyber attacks. A recently found attack, the time-delay switch attack (TDSA), is made by inserting time delays into communication channels. A TDSA can be highly destructive to a power system as it can lead to instability. This paper presents a novel model predictive control (MPC) for fast frequency controller in a power system which can effectively mitigate the unknown TDSA. The MPC recently has received great attentions to be applied as FFC in a power system. Most of the MPC design are based on discrete-time model, whose future plant behaviour is calculated through iteration, rather than convolution. Nevertheless, one crucial step in the derivation of discrete-time MPC (DTMPC) is to capture the control trajectory over a finite prediction horizon. This imposes a challenge in designing a DTMPC to counteract the time-delay with unknown time length. Thus, a continuous-time MPC (CTMPC) is proposed to deal with TDSA. To overcome the unknown time delay, we synthesize an accurate time-delay estimator and sequential state predictor (SSP), are designed to accurately estimate and effectively counteract the unknown and random TDSA. All presented case studies are based on a real Taipower system and justification of the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified.

“…The authors of [92] demonstrated that the MPC can help reduce the capacity and energy of an ESS compared to a traditional PI controller. Another example of MPC for FR considering the power constraints of an ESS was proposed in [93], in which the optimal power allocation of an ESS was achieved in a tested real Taiwan power system. The applications of MPC for AC voltage and FR in the case of RES power variation and load disturbance in microgrids can be found in [94] [95] [96].…”

Section: A Optimization Of Coordinated Control Of Frequency Regulation Techniques For Vsc-hvdc-integrated Wfs and Esssmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Frequency-Control Technologies for a VSC-HVDC-Integrated Wind Farm

Lin

2021

In modern power systems, the increasing penetration of renewable energy resources has reduced the overall system inertia. However, the intermittent nature of wind power generation reduces frequency stability, which is a crucial issue. Consequently, modern power systems require that renewable energy sources, such as offshore wind farms, support the frequency regulation. High voltage direct current (HVDC) systems based on voltage source converters (VSCs) are currently being used to connect wind farms with the main grid. By adjusting the DC-link voltage of the VSC-HVDC, a capacitor can absorb or release energy to provide frequency support. In addition, the VSC-HVDC system can coordinate wind farms to support frequency regulation and thereby achieve better performance. Thus, this paper reviews and compares various frequency-control strategies for a VSC-HVDC-connected wind farm. This work implements in PSCAD/EMTDC a simulation of typical frequency-control techniques to verify their effectiveness and robustness. Furthermore, this paper shows the advantages and drawbacks of each frequency regulation method. Other auxiliary services for supporting frequency regulation, such as by energy storage systems, are also discussed. Finally, this paper provides complete recommendations for frequency regulation techniques for VSC-HVDC-integrated wind farms.