A Finite Volume Analysis of Vacuum Freeze Drying Processes of Skim Milk Solution in Trays and Vials

The drying rates of spray freeze drying systems increase through the use of stratified packed bed structures

“…1a and 3; skim milk was selected because it could be considered as a complex pharmaceutical product in the sense that it contains enzymes and proteins [7,8,17,20,21]. The simulation results presented in this work are obtained, as discussed above, from the mathematical model of Liapis and Bruttini [2] and the values of the parameters of this material system as well as the operating conditions of the SFD process are presented in Table 1 of Ref.…”

Dynamic modeling of the secondary drying stage of freeze drying reveals distinct desorption kinetics for bound water

“…[2,23,30,40] In this work, since a water-binding material was used, the expression including the equilibrium moisture content was considered for generality. For each compartment this gives:…”

“…For instance, several studies[32,39,40] use a desorption kinetic constant of 6.48×10 -7 s -1 (i.e. τ = 428.7 h) for the primary drying and 7.8×10 -5 s -1 (i.e.…”

Numerical simulation of conjugate heat and mass transfer during multi-dimensional freeze drying of slab-shaped food products

“…Moving grid methods based on the explicit tracking of the interface position and the exact imposition of the interfacial conditions are believed to be the most suitable for dealing with the freeze drying problems. In fact, the multi-dimensional freeze drying problems with a relatively planar sublimation interface, e.g., freeze drying of solutions in vials, were successfully solved by the moving grid methods [5,7,[15][16][17]. However, using the moving grid methods for the freeze drying simulation of the slab-shaped products requires very cumbersome work to handle the complex interface shapes in an appropriate manner.…”