A foodborne norovirus outbreak in a nursing home and spread to staff and their household contacts

Parrón, I.; Álvarez, Jaime; Jané, Mireia; Cornejo-Sánchez, Thais; Razquín, Efrén; Guix, Susana; Camps, G; Pérez, Cristina; Domı́nguez, Àngela

doi:10.1017/s0950268819001146

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…However, the magnitude of the COVID-19 crisis and rate of its spread throughout the US has posed a challenge to implementing contact tracing at the required scale [3]. The high reproductive number [4], lengthy incubation period [5], frequency of pre-symptomatic transmission [6,7], occurrence of super-spreader events [8], and large proportion of asymptomatic cases [9] have set COVID-19 apart from most other infectious diseases for which contact tracing is used, such as foodborne illnesses [10,11], sexually transmitted infections [12], tuberculosis [13], and others [14][15][16]. These, the defining characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic, have ensured that there would be huge numbers of cases and contacts and a resulting need for extremely large tracing workforces to investigate exposures and interrupt the many chains of transmission [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of a volunteer contact tracing program for COVID-19 in the United States: A qualitative focus group study

et al. 2021

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Background Contact tracing is an important tool for suppressing COVID-19 but has been difficult to adapt to the conditions of a public health emergency. This study explored the experiences and perspectives of volunteer contact tracers in order to identify facilitators, challenges, and novel solutions for implementing COVID-19 contact tracing. Methods As part of a study to evaluate an emergently established volunteer contact tracing program for COVID-19 in New Haven, Connecticut, April-June 2020, we conducted focus groups with 36 volunteer contact tracers, thematically analyzed the data, and synthesized the findings using the RE-AIM implementation framework. Results To successfully reach cases and contacts, participants recommended identifying clients’ outreach preferences, engaging clients authentically, and addressing sources of mistrust. Participants felt that the effectiveness of successful isolation and quarantine was contingent on minimizing delays in reaching clients and on systematically assessing and addressing their nutritional, financial, and housing needs. They felt that successful adoption of a volunteer-driven contact tracing model depended on the ability to recruit self-motivated contact tracers and provide rapid training and consistent, supportive supervision. Participants noted that implementation could be enhanced with better management tools, such as more engaging interview scripts, user-friendly data management software, and protocols for special situations and populations. They also emphasized the value of coordinating outreach efforts with other involved providers and agencies. Finally, they believed that long-term maintenance of a volunteer-driven program requires monetary or educational incentives to sustain participation. Conclusions This is one of the first studies to qualitatively examine implementation of a volunteer-run COVID-19 contact tracing program. Participants identified facilitators, barriers, and potential solutions for improving implementation of COVID-19 contact tracing in this context. These included standardized communication skills training, supportive supervision, and peer networking to improve implementation, as well as greater cooperation with outside agencies, flexible scheduling, and volunteer incentives to promote sustainability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of a volunteer contact tracing program for COVID-19 in the United States: A qualitative focus group study

et al. 2021

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“…Clinical cases occurred in 26.9% of the homes of both children and workers from the daycare center (16 household contacts of staff or children who become ill and 2 in non-affected people). Propagation of a childcare-associated outbreak in the community has been described for norovirus outbreaks [39,40], but not for astroviruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Astrovirus Outbreak in a Daycare Center and Propagation among Household Contacts

Parrón

Plasència

Cornejo-Sánchez

et al. 2021

Viruses

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We investigated an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to human astrovirus in a daycare center, describing the transmission mechanism, the most affected age groups, conditioning factors and the extent of the outbreak among household contacts of the daycare center attenders. Data were collected from persons exposed at the daycare center and their home contacts. Fecal samples from affected and non-affected daycare center attenders were analyzed for viruses causing acute gastroenteritis by RT-PCR. The percentage of households affected and the attack rates (AR) were calculated. The attack rates were compared using the rate ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals. Information was obtained from 245 people (76 attenders and 169 contacts) of whom 49 were clinical cases. Five HAstV-4, two HAstV-8 and three non-typable HAstV cases were identified (six from clinical cases and four from asymptomatic infected people). The global AR was 20% (41.2% in children aged < 2 years). Data were obtained from 67 households: 20 households of affected attenders and 47 of non-affected attendees. Household contacts of affected attenders had a higher AR (74.3%) than that of non-affected attendees (2.4%). We found asymptomatic infections amongst daycare attendees. The transmission of HAstV during the outbreak was not limited to the daycare center but extended to household contacts of both affected and non-affected attenders.

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“…Soon after, three of these four primers were combined in semi-nested RT-PCR (COG2F/G2SKR for RT-PCR and G2SKF/G2SKR for semi-nested PCR) to increase the detection sensitivity for oyster samples (Nishida et al, 2003 ), which were named as set C (C, the abbreviation for classic) in this study. Presently, these primer pairs have been widely used for routine detection of GII NoVs (Ji et al, 2020 ; Parrón et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ), including by semi-nested PCR methods (Bhavanam et al, 2020 ; Iritani et al, 2010 ; Ueki et al, 2005 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updating a New Semi-nested PCR Primer Pair for the Specific Detection of GII Norovirus in Oysters

Liu

Jia

et al. 2022

Food Environ Virol

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Oysters are major transmission vectors of noroviruses (NoVs) in the environment. Outbreaks of NoVs are often associated with the consumption of NoV-contaminated oysters. Laboratory confirmation of suspected oyster samples is a critical step in the surveillance and control of NoVs. Because of non-specific amplification, false-positive results are frequently obtained by semi-nested RT-PCR with the presently widely used primer set (G2SKF/G2SKR). Here, a novel universal PCR primer set N (NG2OF/NG2OR) specific for genogroup II (GII) NoVs was designed based on all GII NoV sequences available in public databases. Specific products were obtained with the primer set N when the NoV-positive oysters, spiked with each of five representative genotypes of GII NoVs (GII.17, GII.13, GII.4, GII.3, and GII.12), were subjected to analyzing. No products were detected with the primer set N for the NoV-negative oysters, while the primer set C gave various non-specific bands. Twenty-three out of 156 fresh oyster samples were NoV-positive with both the primer set N and the classic primer set, while eight were NoV-positive solely with the primer set N. Compared with the classic primer set, the newly designed primer set N had a higher detection rate and improved specificity for GII NoVs in oyster samples. These results show that the novel PCR primer pair is specific and applicable for the detection of GII NoVs in oysters. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12560-022-09511-6.

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A foodborne norovirus outbreak in a nursing home and spread to staff and their household contacts

Cited by 20 publications

References 36 publications

Implementation of a volunteer contact tracing program for COVID-19 in the United States: A qualitative focus group study

Implementation of a volunteer contact tracing program for COVID-19 in the United States: A qualitative focus group study

Human Astrovirus Outbreak in a Daycare Center and Propagation among Household Contacts

Updating a New Semi-nested PCR Primer Pair for the Specific Detection of GII Norovirus in Oysters

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