A forensic analysis of a fatal fire in an indoor shooting range using coupled fire and evacuation modelling tools

Wang, Zhaozhi; Jia, Fuchen; Galea, Edwin R.; Choi, Jun‐Ho

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.029

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Fourth, the value of the proposed “low‐tech” system needs to be assessed in light of emerging technological opportunities. For instance, sophisticated camera systems can be used in forensic analysis of fire development, 46 computational evacuation models can support the investigation of evacuation behaviours, 47 and virtual/augmented reality can be used to re‐experience and analyse a recorded event 48 . Such technologies undoubtedly will influence forensic fire investigations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal mapping of evacuee response

Ouellette

Gwynne²,

Brown

et al. 2020

Fire and Materials

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Summary The analysis of evacuee behaviour and performance requires data on human behaviour from actual fire incidents. Unfortunately, such data is rarely collected and, if available, is often provided in different formats and levels of refinement, and does not provide sufficient narrative understanding. The lack of a standardized approach to collecting and reporting such data hinders our understanding of human behaviour in fire, theory development, as well as incident analysis and communication. In other fields, graphical notation systems are used to report events in a quick, reliable and standardized manner. This article outlines the development of a notation system that aims to better document evacuee performance. The proposed notation system is then applied to two historic case studies—the Knights of Columbus fire of 1942 and the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire of 1977—to illustrate the approach. Finally, limitations and future research needs of the presented notation system are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal mapping of evacuee response

Ouellette

Gwynne²,

Brown

et al. 2020

Fire and Materials

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“…e movement characteristics of the mixed population and the wheelchair users at different widths of evacuation route were studied [26]. In the condition of shooting range fire, the effects of occupant response times and flame spread rate on emergency evacuation were studied [27].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Evacuation Simulation and Optimization for a Complex Rail Transit Station: A Perspective of Promoting Transportation Safety

Tian

2020

Journal of Advanced Transportation

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Rail transit stations with multifloor structures have been built in many cities to intensively utilize land resources and facilitate lives of community. However, being overcrowded with passengers results in high risks during daily operation. In response, this study conducted an emergency evacuation simulation and optimization in the three-dimensional (3D) space of “complex rail transit stations” (CRTSs). The aim of the paper is to provide a methodology to determine effective emergency evacuation strategies for CRTSs. The Lianglukou Rail Transit Station in Chongqing, China, was used as a case study and the AnyLogic simulation platform employed for simulating emergency evacuations. An emergency evacuation theoretical framework was established. The emergency evacuation strategies, including evacuation routes and evacuation times, were determined based on the theoretical demonstration. Simulation and optimization of emergency evacuation in the Lianglukou station were conducted. Accordingly, four main simulation results were obtained: (1) Escalators/stairs and turnstiles are key facilities in the evacuation; (2) Effective guidance for the evacuation is necessary in the public space of the station; (3) Passenger aggregation nodes should be guided for balanced evacuation; (4) Removing metal barriers is a useful evacuation optimization measure. The proposed research method and framework can be used by other CRTSs in the establishment of emergency evacuation strategies and effective optimization strategies to promote safety of transportation system. The research findings are beneficial to passengers in helping them provide valuable emergency evacuation guidance.

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“…In [ 28 ], an exit choice model was proposed and simulated by assuming the fire spreading, and the crowdedness of the exits can be predicted by the evacuee. Fire and evacuation simulations done in [ 29 ] are used to reconstruct a fatal fire that occurred in an indoor shooting range in Pusan, Korea, in 2009. They found out that occupants’ response time is the most important factor in an evacuation.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Aware and Temperature-Aware Fire Evacuation Path Algorithm in IoT-Enabled Multi-Story Multi-Exit Buildings

Yen

Lin

Tsao

2020

Sensors

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Temperature sensors with a communication capability can help monitor and report temperature values to a control station, which enables dynamic and real-time evacuation paths in fire emergencies. As compared to traditional approaches that identify a one-shot fire evacuation path, in this paper, we develop an intelligent algorithm that can identify time-aware and temperature-aware fire evacuation paths by considering temperature changes at different time slots in multi-story and multi-exit buildings. We first propose a method that can map three-dimensional multi-story multi-exit buildings into a two-dimensional graph. Then, a mathematical optimization model is proposed to capture this time-aware and temperature-aware evacuation path problem in multi-story multi-exit buildings. Six fire evacuation algorithms (BFS, SP, DBFS, TABFS, TASP and TADBFS) are proposed to identify the efficient evacuation path. The first three algorithms that do not address human temperature limit constraints can be used by rescue robots or firemen with fire-proof suits. The last three algorithms that address human temperature limit constraints can be used by evacuees in terms of total time slots and total temperature on the evacuation path. In the computational experiments, the open space building and the Taipei 101 Shopping Mall are all tested to verify the solution quality of these six algorithms. From the computational results, TABFS, TASP and TADBF identify almost the same evacuation path in open space building and the Taipei 101 Shopping Mall. BFS, SP DBFS can locate marginally better results in terms of evacuation time and total temperature on the evacuation path. When considering evacuating a group of evacuees, the computational time of the evacuation algorithm is very important in a time-limited evacuation process. Considering the extreme case of seven fires in eight emergency exits in the Taipei 101 Shopping Mall, the golden window for evacuation is 15 time slots. Only TABFS and TADBFS are applicable to evacuate 1200 people in the Taipei 101 Shopping Mall when one time slot is setting as one minute. The computational results show that the capacity limit for the Taipei 101 Shopping Mall is 800 people in the extreme case of seven fires. In this case, when the number of people in the building is less than 700, TADBFS should be adopted. When the number of people in the building is greater than 700, TABFS can evacuate more people than TADBFS. Besides identifying an efficient evacuation path, another significant contribution of this paper is to identify the best sensor density deployment at large buildings like the Taipei 101 Shopping Mall in considering the fire evacuation.

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A forensic analysis of a fatal fire in an indoor shooting range using coupled fire and evacuation modelling tools

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Spatiotemporal mapping of evacuee response

Spatiotemporal mapping of evacuee response

Emergency Evacuation Simulation and Optimization for a Complex Rail Transit Station: A Perspective of Promoting Transportation Safety

Time-Aware and Temperature-Aware Fire Evacuation Path Algorithm in IoT-Enabled Multi-Story Multi-Exit Buildings

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