A Formal Verification Methodology for DDD Mode Pacemaker Control Programs

Shuja, Sana; Srinivasan, Sudarshan K.; Jabeen, Shaista; Nawarathna, Dharmakeerthi

doi:10.1155/2015/939028

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…If the theorem is incorrect, both the formal model and theorem are revised, and the process is repeated. Previously, Shuja et al [24] similarly verified the object code but they did not apply the SSA technique. Our case study results conclude that SSA has reduced the verification time of object code.…”

Section: Case Study and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…e abstraction is not applied statically on object code. Shuja et al [24] presented refinement-based verification for DDD mode pacemaker control. e object code of the pacemaker is verified by proof obligations.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is to be noted that now the statically abstracted object code contributes to the implementation transition system instead of the original source code. We have taken the specification of pacemaker from [24] in the form of a TS (STS PM ) as shown in Figure 3. e pacemaker control program was implemented on Cortex-M3-based NXP LPC1768 microcontroller.…”

Section: Verification Of Pacemaker With Ssamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specification [33] Implementation [24] SSA tool Scientific Programming identifies only the reachable states of implementation. e invariant property is given as follows:…”

Section: Scientific Programmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved Efficiency of Object Code Verification Using Statically Abstracted Object Code

Shaukat

Shuja

Srinivasan

et al. 2020

Scientific Programming

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One of the major challenges in the formal verification of embedded system software is the complexity and substantially large size of the implementation. The problem becomes crucial when the embedded system is a complex medical device that is executing convoluted algorithms. In refinement-based verification, both specification and implementation are expressed as transition systems. Each behavior of the implementation transition system is matched to the specification transition system with the help of a refinement map. The refinement map can only project those values from the implementation which are responsible for labeling the current state of the system. When the refinement map is applied at the object code level, numerous instructions map to a single state in the specification transition system called stuttering instructions. We use the concept of Static Stuttering Abstraction (SSA) that filters the common multiple segments of stuttering instructions and replaces each segment with a merger. SSA algorithm reduces the implementation state space in embedded software, subsequently decreasing the efforts involved in manual verification with WEB refinement. The algorithm is formally proven for correctness. SSA is implemented on the pacemaker object code to evaluate the effectiveness of abstracted code in verification process. The results helped to establish the fact that, despite code size reduction, the bugs and errors can still be found. We implemented the SSA technique on two different platforms and it has been proven to be consistent in decreasing the code size significantly and hence the complexity of the implementation transition system. The results illustrate that there is considerable reduction in time and effort required for the verification of a complex software control, i.e., pacemaker when statically stuttering abstracted code is employed.

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Section: Case Study and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Verification Of Pacemaker With Ssamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specification [33] Implementation [24] SSA tool Scientific Programming identifies only the reachable states of implementation. e invariant property is given as follows:…”

Section: Scientific Programmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved Efficiency of Object Code Verification Using Statically Abstracted Object Code

Shaukat

Shuja

Srinivasan

et al. 2020

Scientific Programming

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“…A model of pacemaker is described in papers. () Other authors apply model verification() and model validation. () The pacemaker software is validated in papers, () while previous studies() contribute to develop a new step that consists in translating the model into machine code.…”

Section: Classification and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic literature review of the use of formal methods in medical software systems

Bonfanti

Gargantini

Mashkoor

2018

J Software Evolu Process

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The use of formal methods is often recommended to guarantee the provision of necessary services and to assess the correctness of critical properties, such as functional safety, cybersecurity, and reliability, in medical and health care devices. In the past, several formal and rigorous methods have been proposed and consequently applied for trustworthy development of medical software and systems. In this paper, we perform a systematic literature review on the available state of the art in this domain. We collect the relevant literature on the use of formal methods for modeling, design, development, verification, and validation of software-intensive medical systems. We apply standard systematic literature review techniques and run several queries in well-known repositories to obtain information that can be useful for people who are either already working in this field or planning to start. Our study covers both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the subject. KEYWORDSformal methods, systematic literature review, medical device software INTRODUCTIONIn modern medical devices, human safety depends upon the correct operation of software controlling the device: Software malfunctioning can cause injuries to, or even the death of, patients. A crucial issue is how to guarantee that medical software has all the qualities (eg, safety, security, and dependability) expected for critical components. One way to improve and assess software quality, as suggested by literature, 1-3 is to use formal methods or in general rigorous methods for design, validation, and verification of medical software. Some processes for improvement of medical standards, based on formal approaches, have already been proposed, 4-6 although their adoption in industrial applications is rather limited.The overall aim of this paper is twofold: (1) to provide guidance to researchers starting to work on this topic and (2) to assess the state of the art that is more useful for researchers already working on this subject. We have applied a systematic literature review (SLR) process to the topic of rigorous methods for designing and validation of medical software and systems by following the guidelines presented in literature 7-9 with slight improvements such as a wider range of repositories is queried for information retrieval and the subject is covered from both quantitative and qualitative aspects. Through this analysis, we give an overview of the research literature about formal methods applications to model, to verify, and to validate medical systems. Moreover, we include processes and tools that translate models written using formal languages in machine code. We would like to underline that the SLR carried out in this work considers only formal methods applied to medical device/software. Other processes applied to medical device/software are outside of our goal (eg, code implementation, testing, 8 and hardware configuration).The goals of our SLR are (1) to gather a sufficient number of relevant articles, (2) to perform a series of analyses, and (3) to p...

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