A fostering study of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure: II. Offspring behavioral measures

Goodwin, Gregory A.; Heyser, Charles J.; Moody, Carole A.; Rajachandran, Lavanya; Molina, Vı́ctor A.; Arnold, H. Moore; McKinzie, David L.; Spear, Norman E.; Spear, Linda P.

doi:10.1016/0892-0362(92)90053-d

Cited by 59 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Preweanlings expressed stronger conditioning to the context when conditioning to CS was relatively strong (and vice versa). Although this effect was less apparent in Experiment 18 than in Experiment 2A, it is consistent with expectations based on other observations concerning preweanling learning (e.g., Kucharski & Spear, 1985;Lariviere et al, 1990;Mellon et al, 1991;Spear et al, 1988), as well as previous experiments with preweanlings that used similar stimuli and procedures (Goodwin et al, 1992;McKinzie & Spear, 1991).…”

Section: Age-dependent Stimulus Selection 311 General Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Ontogenetic differences in conditioning to context and CS as a function of context saliency and CS-US interval

McKinzie

Spear

1995

Animal Learning & Behavior

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A series of experiments examined ontogenetically the effects of context saliency and CS-US interval on the learning of CS-US and context-US associations. Although adult rats generally showed an inverse relationship between CS and context learning that depended upon CS-US interval and context saliency, the opposite relationship held for preweanlings, Consistent with many contemporary learning theories, adult rats expressed CS-context competition in learning about the US. Preweanlings, on the other hand, exhibited potentiated responding to either the context or the CS as a result of strong learning about the other element. These results suggest that adult and infant rats process information in a qualitatively different manner.Infants and adults may process information in a qualitatively different manner. For example, young animals do not show adults' inclination for overshadowing when they are tested on a single element of a compound training stimulus (Kraemer, Lariviere, & Spear, 1988;Mellon, Kraemer, & Spear, 1991) but rather show potentiation, the opposite of overshadowing (Hinderliter & Misanin, 1988;Kucharski & Spear, 1985;Spear & Kucharski, 1984). Age-related differences also exist in the treatment of contextual stimuli (Lariviere, Chen, & Spear, 1990; McKinzie, Lee, Bronfen, Spear, & Spear, 1994;Solheim, Hensler, & Spear, 1980). For example, McKinzie and Spear (1991) found that preweanling rats expressed strong learning to both context and tone following tone-footshock pairings. Context conditioning in animals given pairings ofa conditional stimulus (CS) and an unconditional stimulus (US) exceeded that in preweanlings given unpaired presentations of the same events. Thus, pairing of a tone CS with the US potentiated responding to the context (see also Goodwin et aI., 1992).Adults are more likely to attend to stimuli in the selective manner indicative of overshadowing. Punctate CSs usually are chosen for their capacity to elicit an orienting reflex (Pavlov, 1927) and, therefore, are likely to overshadow contextual stimuli in a typical conditioning experiment. Associative competition between the context and CS occurs in procedures that vary contingency and contiguity of the CS-US relationship. For example, Odling- Smee (1975) found that, as CS-US contingency decreased, conditioning to the training context increased. Marlin (1981) found that an inverse relationship existed between context and CS learning as a function of CS-US interval. When the CS and US were temporally contiguous, responding to the CS overshadowed responding to the context. As CS-US interval increased, however, conditioning to the CS diminished, while context learning increased. At an intermediate trace interval, conditioning occurred to both the context and the CS, whereas only context conditioning occurred at long CS-US intervals. Marlin concluded that both context and CS stimuli potentially form associations with the US and that learning occurs to the better predictor of the forthcoming US.The purpose of the present series of experiments...

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Section: Age-dependent Stimulus Selection 311 General Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Ontogenetic differences in conditioning to context and CS as a function of context saliency and CS-US interval

McKinzie

Spear

1995

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…First, the duration of gestational cocaine exposure is shorter (E12 through term, compared to E7 through term), and the cocaineexposed pups are not cross-fostered to unexposed dams. It is known that gestational cocaine exposure profoundly impacts maternal behavior, which in turn strongly influences postweanling behavior in exposed offspring (Goodwin et al, 1992;Heyser et al, 1992b;Johns et al, 2005;Lubin et al, 2001). Second, in our study, assignment of mice to conditioning chambers alternated by initial chamber preference (half in preferred/half in non-preferred), while in the study by Estelles et al mice were randomly assigned to the two chambers without reference to the pre-conditioning test data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Prenatal exposure to cocaine alters the development of conditioned place-preference to cocaine in adult mice

Malanga

Pejchal

Kosofsky

2007

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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As addiction is increasingly formulated as a developmental disorder, identifying how early developmental exposures influence later responses to drugs of abuse is important to our understanding of substance abuse neurobiology. We have previously identified behavioral changes in adult mice following gestational exposure to cocaine that differ when assessed with methods employing contingent and non-contingent drug administration. We sought to clarify this distinction using a Pavlovian behavioral measure, conditioned place-preference. Adult mice exposed to cocaine in utero (40 or 20 mg/kg/day), vehicle and pair-fed controls were place-conditioned to either cocaine (5 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline injections. The development of conditioned place-preference to cocaine was impaired in mice exposed to cocaine in utero, and was abolished by fetal malnutrition. A context-specific place-aversion to vehicle but not cocaine injection was observed in prenatally cocaine-exposed mice. Locomotor behavior did not differ among prenatal treatment groups. We conclude that early developmental exposure to cocaine may diminish the subsequent rewarding effects of cocaine in adulthood measured with classical conditioning techniques, and that this is not due to changes in locomotor behavior. Sensitivity to acute stress is also altered by prenatal cocaine exposure, consistent with earlier findings in this model.

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“…When non-cocaine exposed rat pups were reared by these treated dams in a surrogate fostering study, the pups also displayed more aggressive behavior, suggesting that these behavioral deviations were mediated by dam-pup interaction patterns rather than direct CNS effects (Goodwin, Heyser, Moody, & Rajachandrian, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of prenatal cocaine exposure and maternal postpartum psychological distress to child developmental outcome

et al. 1997

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Maternal cocaine use during pregnancy can affect the infant directly through toxic effects or indirectly through cocaine's influence on maternal psychological status. We followed 160 cocaine exposed and 56 nonexposed infants and their mothers identified at birth through interview and/or urine screen. Although cocaine exposure defined the groups, infant exposure to alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco was allowed to vary. Infants were 99% African American and poor. All mothers completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and infants were given the Bayley Scales of Mental (MDI) and Motor (PDI) Development at a mean corrected age of 17 ± 8 months. Both MDIs (94 ± 17 vs. 103 ± 16) and PDIs (101 ± 16 vs. 108 ± 12) were lower for cocaine exposed infants. Psychological distress was greater in cocaine using mothers. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to assess the relative effects of gestational age, maternal psychological distress, and cocaine and polydrug exposure on infant outcomes. Both psychological distress and cocaine and alcohol exposure predicted lower MDIs after controlling for prematurity. Neither psychological distress nor alcohol exposure predicted motor outcome, while cocaine had a significant effect. Tobacco and marijuana exposure were unrelated to outcome. These findings provide further support for direct effects of cocaine and alcohol on infant development, as well as highlight the need for studies to document maternal psychological factors, which may increase child risk for poorer outcomes.

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A fostering study of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure: II. Offspring behavioral measures

Cited by 59 publications

References 28 publications

Ontogenetic differences in conditioning to context and CS as a function of context saliency and CS-US interval

Ontogenetic differences in conditioning to context and CS as a function of context saliency and CS-US interval

Prenatal exposure to cocaine alters the development of conditioned place-preference to cocaine in adult mice

Relationship of prenatal cocaine exposure and maternal postpartum psychological distress to child developmental outcome

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