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Young rat pups are dependent on the dam for their survival, thus isolation of the neonatal rat pup from the dam presents the young organism with a variety of stressors. The question examined in this study concerns the ability of the young rat pup to modify its response to isolation following repeated exposure to that isolation as well as the role played by endogenous opiates in this process. Following repeated isolations, pups were seen to decrease vocalization rates. Altering the context in an attempt to dishabituate animals failed to reverse the decreased vocalization rate. However, opiate receptor blockade attenuated this decrease when administered subsequent to the first isolation period but not prior to the last isolation period. These results suggest that the development of this attenuated response to isolation stress is opiate-mediated but that once established, its expression is not dependent on endogenous opiate release.

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Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United States (1). In April 2020, the incidence of norovirus outbreaks in the United States declined substantially, likely because of implementation of COVID-19-related nonpharmaceutical interventions, such as facility closures, social distancing, and increased hand hygiene (2). Similar declines were observed in other countries (3,4). Norovirus outbreaks in the United States increased rapidly starting in January 2022, approaching prepandemic (i.e., 2012-2019) levels. Norovirus transmission can be prevented by thorough handwashing and proper cleaning and disinfection of contaminated surfaces.In 2012, CDC established the Norovirus Sentinel Testing and Tracking Network (NoroSTAT) to improve timeliness and completeness of surveillance for norovirus outbreaks that occur in the United States. NoroSTAT is a collaboration between CDC and 12 state health departments.* Outbreaks are defined as two or more cases of illness associated with a common exposure. NoroSTAT-participating states report a minimum set of data elements † to the National Outbreak Reporting System § for all confirmed norovirus outbreaks (i.e., outbreaks with two or more laboratory-confirmed norovirus cases) and suspected norovirus outbreaks (i.e., outbreaks with fewer than two laboratory-confirmed norovirus cases) within 7 business days of notification. These states also upload typing information for norovirus-positive outbreak specimens to CaliciNet, ¶ the national norovirus laboratory surveillance network, within 7 business days of receipt of two *