A framework for determining the fitness consequences of antipredator behavior

Ajie, Beverly C.; Pintor, Lauren M.; Watters, Jason V.; Kerby, Jacob L.; Hammond, John I.; Sih, Andrew

doi:10.1093/beheco/arl064

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 48 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Measuring effects on fitness caused by anti‐predation responses requires measures of reproductive output and a detailed knowledge of all aspects of the natural history of species in a system under consideration (Lind & Cresswell 2005, Ajie et al. 2007).…”

Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐lethal effects of predation in birds

Cresswell¹

2008

Ibis

306

261

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Predators can affect individual fitness and population and community processes through lethal effects (direct consumption or 'density' effects), where prey is consumed, or through non-lethal effects (trait-mediated effects or interactions), where behavioural compensation to predation risk occurs, such as animals avoiding areas of high predation risk. Studies of invertebrates, fish and amphibians have shown that non-lethal effects may be larger than lethal effects in determining the behaviour, condition, density and distribution of animals over a range of trophic levels. Although non-lethal effects have been well described in the behavioural ecology of birds (and also mammals) within the context of anti-predation behaviour, their role relative to lethal effects is probably underestimated. Birds show many behavioural and physiological changes to reduce direct mortality from predation and these are likely to have negative effects on other aspects of their fitness and population dynamics, as well as affecting the ecology of their own prey and their predators. As a consequence, the effects of predation in birds are best measured by trade-offs between maximizing instantaneous survival in the presence of predators and acquiring or maintaining resources for long-term survival or reproduction. Because avoiding predation imposes foraging costs, and foraging behaviour is relatively easy to measure in birds, the foraging-predation risk trade-off is probably an effective framework for understanding the importance of non-lethal effects, and so the population and community effects of predation risk in birds and other animals. Using a trade-off approach allows us to predict better how changes in predator density will impact on population and community dynamics, and how animals perceive and respond to predation risk, when non-lethal effects decouple the relationship between predator density and direct mortality rate. The trade-off approach also allows us to identify where predation risk is structuring communities because of avoidance of predators, even when this results in no observable direct mortality rate.

show abstract

Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐lethal effects of predation in birds

Cresswell¹

2008

Ibis

306

261

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Our results are thus consistent with our first prediction and with previous studies: dangerous snake scents were identified and risky refuges avoided (Amo et al, 2003(Amo et al, , 2004a(Amo et al, , b, c, d, 2006. On the other hand, non threatening snake scents were not avoided, confirming that antipredatory behaviours may be costly (McNamara and Houston, 1990;Downes, 2001;Ajie et al, 2007;Aubret et al, 2007). The effect of geographic isolation on anti-snake responses was sharp however.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Classically, anti-predatory behaviour (for instance the avoidance of predator odour cues) may vanish in animal populations that are no longer sympatric with predators. Such absence (or significant alteration) of anti-predatory behaviour has been observed in a number of taxa including mammals (Blumstein, 2002;Blumstein et al, 2004;Sand et al, 2006;Yorzinski and Ziegler, 2007), birds (Beauchamp, 2004) and reptiles (Downes and Adams, 2001;Berger et al, 2007;Vervust et al, 2007), and was attributed to the effect of relaxed selection in the new environment (Darwin, 1859;Stamps and Buechner, 1985;Coss, 1999;Shine et al, 2002;Berger et al, 2007), potentially reinforced by the costs of antipredatory behaviours (McNamara and Houston, 1990;Downes, 2001;Ajie et al, 2007;Aubret et al, 2007). Many studies of prey-predator interactions have focused on reptiles and particularly lizards (Downes and Shine, 1998a, b;Head et al, 2002;Stapley, 2003;Amo et al, 2004a, b, c, d;Stapley, 2004;Goldsbrough et al, 2006;Lloyd et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of geographic isolation on anti-snakes responses in the wall lizard, Podarcis muralis

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Alteration in anti-predatory behaviour following geographic isolation has been observed in a number of taxa. Such alteration was attributed to the effect of relaxed selection in the novel environment, reinforced by the cost of antipredatory behaviours. We studied aspects of anti-snake behaviour in 987 adult and juvenile wall lizards Podarcis muralis from two mainland areas (heavy snake predatory pressure) and two islands (low snake predatory pressure), isolated from the mainland 5000 and 7000 years ago. We conducted a scented retreat site choice experiment using the odours of five different snake species (saurophagous, piscivorous or generalist feeder). Mainland lizards avoided shelters scented by saurophagous snakes, but not those scented by non saurophagous snake species. Long isolated lizards (7000 years ago) showed no antipredator response to any snake, suggesting a total loss of anti-predatory behaviour towards saurophagous snakes. More recently isolated lizards (5000 years ago) however showed anti-snake behaviour towards a former sympatric adder species, and a tendency to avoid the scent of a sympatric generalist feeder snake. There was no difference in the anti-snake responses between adult and juvenile wall lizards from all four sites, suggesting a limited role for experience (behavioural plasticity) in the expression of anti-snake behaviour in wall lizards.

show abstract

“…Despite these issues, convergent and parallel evolution are often observed among populations, suggesting that persistent and predictable selection may be relatively common (Conte et al, 2012), even if it is difficult to measure. While estimates of the strength of 50 viability selection suggest it may be weaker than for other fitness components (Hoekstra et al, 2001;Lind and Cresswell, 2005;Ajie et al, 2007), repeated evolution of simi-polyester mesh cages, and allowed to recover for 30-45 minutes before fresh bottles of 186 food media were placed into each cage. After allowing sufficient time for egg laying, the bottles were then removed from the cages and reared at 24 • C and 60% humidity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation to a novel predator inDrosophila melanogaster: How well are we able to predict evolutionary responses?

DeNieu

Pitchers

Dworkin

2014

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Evolutionary theory is sufficiently well developed to allow for short-term prediction of 2 evolutionary trajectories. In addition to the presence of heritable variation, prediction requires knowledge of the form of natural selection on relevant traits. While many studies 4 estimate the form of natural selection, few examine the degree to which traits evolve in the predicted direction. In this study we examine the form of natural selection imposed 6 by mantid predation on wing size and shape in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster.We then evolve populations of D. melanogaster under predation pressure, and examine 8 the extent to which wing size and shape have responded in the predicted direction. We demonstrate that wing form partially evolves along the predicted vector from selection, 10 more so than for control lineages. Furthermore, we re-examined phenotypic selection after ∼30 generations of experimental evolution. We observed that the magnitude of selection 12 on wing size and shape was diminished in populations evolving with mantid predators, while the direction of the selection vector differed from that of the ancestral population 14 for shape. We discuss these findings in the context of the predictability of evolutionary responses, and the need for fully multivariate approaches. 16 20 52 lar morphologies in response to predation for several fish species (O'Steen et al., 2002; Langerhans et al., 2004; Dayton et al., 2005; Langerhans and Makowicz, 2009) suggests 54 a strong and consistent regime of selection. Similar results have also been observed for shell morphology among populations of snails in apparent response to predation (Auld 56 and Relyea, 2011; DeWitt et al., 2000 DeWitt et al., , 1999. When selection is relaxed by the removal of predators, even for just a few generations, trait means have been shown to change 58 dramatically (Reznick et al., 1990(Reznick et al., , 1997 Reznick and Ghalambor, 2005), consistent with predation maintaining trait values in the face of potentially antagonistic selective effects. 60The prevalence of diverse, and often costly, traits that mediate interactions with predators suggests that predation profoundly influences fitness. 62In this study we investigate how multivariate wing form of Drosophila melanogaster evolves along the trajectory predicted by initial estimates of phenotypic selection in re-64 sponse to predation by mantid nymphs (Tenodera aridifolia sinensis). This novel experimental system has a rather rare (but see Svensson and Friberg, 2007; Kuchta and 66 Svensson, 2014) and useful attribute in which the wings are not consumed when the fly is captured by its mantid predator ( figure 1A). This allows us to collect the wings from 68 both surviving and consumed flies to estimate the form and magnitude of natural selection 5 on both size and shape. Multivariate shape provides a robust framework for evaluating 70 evolutionary predictions. While size only varies along one axis, a high dimensional representation of shape is less likely to change in the pre...

show abstract

A framework for determining the fitness consequences of antipredator behavior

Cited by 19 publications

References 48 publications

Non‐lethal effects of predation in birds

Non‐lethal effects of predation in birds

Effects of geographic isolation on anti-snakes responses in the wall lizard, Podarcis muralis

Adaptation to a novel predator inDrosophila melanogaster: How well are we able to predict evolutionary responses?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About