“…In recent years, efforts have been made to develop vulnerability indicators within the social-ecological system (SES) framework (e.g., Abson et al, 2012;Brooks et al, 2005;Damm, 2010;Mamauag et al, 2013) following recognition that social and natural systems are integrally coupled and should therefore be both considered for * Present address: United Nations University, Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS), 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan. Tel.…”