A framework to model the STPA hierarchical control structure of an autonomous ship

Chaal, Meriam; Banda, Osiris A. Valdez; Glomsrud, Jon Arne; Basnet, Sunil; Hirdaris, Spyros; Kujala, Pentti

doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104939

Cited by 93 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The definitions are in line with functionalities for ANS provided in Chaal et al. (2020), however, it is acknowledged that these definitions can be different as reported in other studies (Rødseth et al., 2015; Wróbel et al., 2018; Ventikos et al., 2020; Basnet et al., 2022). In this study, the ANS is practically considered to be the electronic brain of the ship, which will replace the crew dealing with navigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…For MASS with high autonomy degree, the ANS is required to include the following functionalities: (a) identification of surrounding objects and weather conditions; (b) communication with other ships; (c) information provision to the Remote Control Centre for decisionmaking; (d) decision-making with respect to autonomous navigation; and (e) control of power demand requests from power and propulsion systems. The definitions are in line with functionalities for ANS provided in Chaal et al (2020), however, it is acknowledged that these definitions can be different as reported in other studies (Rødseth et al, 2015;Wróbel et al, 2018;Ventikos et al, 2020;Basnet et al, 2022). In this study, the ANS is practically considered to be the electronic brain of the ship, which will replace the crew dealing with navigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

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A method to identify and rank objects and hazardous interactions affecting autonomous ships navigation

2022

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The Autonomous Navigation System (ANS) constitutes a critical key enabling technology required for operating Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). To assure the safety of MASS operations, the effective identification of potential objects and target ships interacting with the own MASS is quintessential. This study proposes a systematic method to identify the items interacting with the own MASS. This method is based on a similar approach previously employed for the encountering items’ identification in robotics, which is customised herein for the MASS needs. The developed method is applied to a short-sea shipping MASS. The environmental features, agents and objects related to her navigation are identified and ranked based on the frequency of encounter and the potential collision consequences. The results demonstrate the ability of the method to identify additional items in comparison to Automatic Identification System based data. The interactions with the small ships are considered as the most critical, due to their potential accidental consequences and their exhibited high frequency of encounter. This study results are employed to support the ANS design and testing of the investigated ship.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

A method to identify and rank objects and hazardous interactions affecting autonomous ships navigation

2022

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“…A framework for analysing and discussing uncertainty in mitigation measures obtained through STPA analysis was provided and the initial-stage concept was analyzed in [8]. A framework to model a hierarchical control structure for the STPA analysis of an autonomous ship was presented in [9]. A preliminary concept of safety validation method using STPA was proposed in [10].…”

Section: Establishment Of Safety Evaluation Methods For Autonomous Na...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Model-Based Design and Safety Assessment for Crewless Autonomous Vessel

Nakashima

Kutsuna

Kureta

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The Designing the Future of Full Autonomous Ship (DFFAS) Project conducted the crewless maritime autonomous surface ship long-distance demonstration in congested waters in March 2022. This study shows a model-based systematic design methodology and a safety evaluation method for autonomous ships conducted through this project. A reference model of ConOps (Concept of Operations) for autonomous navigation systems is proposed using the DFFAS system as an example. System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) is also applied at the subsystem and component levels according to the actual system development phase to extract appropriate granularity of safety requirements.

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“…The introduction of MASS into the operation is mainly related to the assessment of the economic benefits of them, simultaneously ensuring the proper level of safety [11][12][13]. One of the key issues for shipowners is the cost-effectiveness of the implemented solution and the scale of its benefits.…”

Section: Fully Autonomous Shipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review

Ziajka-Poznańska

Montewka²

2021

Applied Sciences

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The development of autonomous ship technology is currently in focus worldwide and the literature on this topic is growing. However, an in-depth cost and benefit estimation of such endeavours is in its infancy. With this systematic literature review, we present the state-of-the-art system regarding costs and benefits of the operation of prospective autonomous merchant ships with an objective for identifying contemporary research activities concerning an estimation of operating, voyage, and capital costs in prospective, autonomous shipping and vessel platooning. Additionally, the paper outlines research gaps and the need for more detailed business models for operating autonomous ships. Results reveal that valid financial models of autonomous shipping are lacking and there is significant uncertainty affecting the cost estimates, rendering only a reliable evaluation of specific case studies. The findings of this paper may be found relevant not only by academia, but also organisations considering to undertake a challenge of implementing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships in their operations.

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A framework to model the STPA hierarchical control structure of an autonomous ship

Cited by 93 publications

References 31 publications

A method to identify and rank objects and hazardous interactions affecting autonomous ships navigation

A method to identify and rank objects and hazardous interactions affecting autonomous ships navigation

Model-Based Design and Safety Assessment for Crewless Autonomous Vessel

Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review

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