“…Over the last few decades, fucoidans purified from different species of brown alga have been extensively studied because of their broad spectrum of desirable biological activities, including anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects [30]. In a recent in vitro study of RAW 264.7 macrophages, fucoidans purified from the marine brown alga Chnoospora minima were found to inhibit (i) the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitrous oxide and PGE 2 via the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 expression, and (ii) the production of TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL-6 [31]. Furthermore, sulfated polysaccharides extracted from other brown seaweeds (Sargassum hemiphyllum and Sargassum horneri) were shown to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), NO production, and the expression of IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2 and NF-κB (p65) in LPS-stimulated RAW 246.7 macrophages [32,33].…”