A functional approach to cerebral visual impairments in very preterm/very-low-birth-weight children

Geldof, Christiaan J.A.; Wassenaer-Leemhuis, Aleid G. van; Dik, Marjolein; Kok, Joke H.; Oosterlaan, Jaap

doi:10.1038/pr.2015.83

Cited by 24 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…29,30 Of note, preterm children are also at an increased risk of developing cortical or cerebral visual impairment (CVI). 31 The CVI is impaired vision without primary ocular pathology and it is one of the leading causes of poor visual acuity among EP M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D births. The vision impairment usually ranges from severe to complete blindness.…”

Section: Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Retinal Thickness Profiles and Visual Outcomes in Young Adults Born Extremely Preterm

et al. 2019

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Section: Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Retinal Thickness Profiles and Visual Outcomes in Young Adults Born Extremely Preterm

et al. 2019

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“…This deficit could also be one of the underlying causes of longer search times in children with visual impairments. 13,14,20 Other studies have shown that children with visual impairments need more time to perform fine motor tasks. 33 Although the tasks in our study did not require a complicated motor response, problems with fine motor skills could have resulted in longer reaction times for some of the children.…”

Section: Relation To Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, studies have shown that children with CVI display orienting responses with longer latencies 19 as well as longer search times. 20 Also, children with other visual impairments (VI o ) due to congenital ocular disorders and/or retinal abnormalities have longer search times 13,14 and lower reading speeds 21,22 compared with children with NV. Furthermore, in adults, visual acuity correlates with performance on visual processing speed tests 23,24 and visual acuity is a significant predictor of reaction times in adults with macular degeneration.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbol Discrimination Speed in Children With Visual Impairments

Barsingerhorn

Boonstra

Goossens

2018

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: Barsingerhorn AD, Boonstra FN, Goossens J. Symbol discrimination speed in children with visual impairments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59:3963-3972. https://doi.org/ 10.1167/iovs.17-23167 PURPOSE. We measured visual acuity and visual discrimination speed simultaneously in children with visual impairments to determine whether they are slower than children with normal vision.METHODS. Five-to twelve-year-old children with visual impairments due to ocular dysfunction (VI o ; n ¼ 30) or cerebral visual impairment (CVI; n ¼ 17) performed a speed-acuity test in which they indicated the orientation of Landolt-C symbols as quickly and accurately as possible. The reaction times for symbols ranging between À0.3 and 1.2 logMAR relative to acuity threshold were compared with normative data. To test whether children were already slow in merely detecting symbols, we also compared their reaction times on a simple visual detection task (VDT) to normative data. An auditory detection task (ADT) was used to probe for other, more general deficits. RESULTS.Of the children with visual impairments, 88% had abnormally long reaction times in the speed-acuity test. This deficit was partly explained by their reduced acuity, but 40% still needed more time to discriminate acuity-matched optotypes. Children responded late in the VDT too, especially those with CVI, but this impairment could not fully account for their slow symbol discrimination. In children with CVI, reaction times in the ADT were affected as much as those in the VDT, suggesting more general sensorimotor problems in CVI.CONCLUSIONS. The speed-acuity test offers additional insight in visual impairment. Children with VI o and CVI are abnormally slow in discerning foveal details. Magnification of materials is often insufficient to compensate for this deficit, partly because stimulus detection is already hampered.

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“…Apart from longer saccade latencies, children with visual impairments also have longer search times (Geldof et al. ; Huurneman et al. ; Tadin et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saccade latencies during a preferential looking task and objective scoring of grating acuity in children with and without visual impairments

Barsingerhorn

Boonstra

Goossens

2019

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Purpose We determined the latencies of orienting responses during a preferential looking task in children with normal vision and in children with visual impairments between 6 and 12 years old, and assessed the feasibility of scoring grating detection in these populations with video‐based eye tracking. Methods Children performed a computerized preferential looking test, while a remote eye tracker measured the children's eye movements. The stimuli consisted of a 2 × 2 grid, with three uniform grey fields and one target field consisting of a black‐and‐white square wave grating. The grating was presented randomly at one of the four locations. The spatial frequencies (1.05, 2.11 and 7.02 cyc/deg) were randomly interleaved, with 10 trials per spatial frequency. Three different methods were used to score the accuracy of the responses: (1) primary saccade ends on target, (1) gaze 50% of the presentation time on target, and (3) a combination of method 1 and 2 (i.e. primary saccade ends on target, and/or gaze 50% of the presentation time on target). Results The combined scoring method was most reliable to determine whether children could resolve the gratings. Children with visual impairments had significantly lower accuracies than children with normal vision with all three scoring methods. In addition, saccade latencies decreased with age and were significantly longer (62 ± 15 ms) in children with visual impairments. Conclusion The use of eye tracking to assess grating detection with a preferential looking task in clinical populations provides valuable additional information, including objective detection measures and developmental delays in saccade latencies.

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A functional approach to cerebral visual impairments in very preterm/very-low-birth-weight children

Cited by 24 publications

References 38 publications

Relationship between Retinal Thickness Profiles and Visual Outcomes in Young Adults Born Extremely Preterm

Relationship between Retinal Thickness Profiles and Visual Outcomes in Young Adults Born Extremely Preterm

Symbol Discrimination Speed in Children With Visual Impairments

Saccade latencies during a preferential looking task and objective scoring of grating acuity in children with and without visual impairments

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