A Functional Platform for the Detection of JWH‐073 as a Model for Synthetic Cannabinoids

Abstract

During the last decade, progress has been made in the on‐site detection of abused drug use. Herein, we present an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of one of the synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), JWH‐073, using poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) hyperbranched copolymer (HBC) as a base coating and antibody molecules to bind the JWH‐073 to the surface. Modification of the surface is proved with various techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectrometry. The limit of detection and linearity (in logarithmic scale) for JWH‐073 were found to be 31.87 ng/mL and 25–500 ng/mL, respectively. The selectivity of the proposed biosensor was also tested in the presence of interfering molecules and the response was much higher for JWH‐073 in all measurements. In the final part of the study, synthetic urine was tested with the device and the relative standard deviation value was calculated to be less than 5.0 %. The confirmation of data from the resulting bio‐platform was performed via LC‐QTOF/MS. This work is the first of its kind, a novel, rapid, cost‐effective sensing platform for the detection of the SC.

Interpol review of controlled substances 2016–2019

“…Individual Synthetic Cannabinoids and Cannabimimetics: 2016 identification and structure elucidation of a new synthetic cannabinoid, [1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](naphthalen-1-yl) methanone using flash chromatography, GC-MS, IR and NMR spectroscopy [ 1195 ]; identify of a new designer drug thiothinone, [2-(methylamino)-1-(2-thienyl)-1-propanone] using GC/MS, LC/MS, accurate mass spectrometry, NMR and X-ray powder diffraction [ 1196 ]; synthesis and characterization of tN-(1-amino-3-methyl-1oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide(3,5-AB-CHMFUPPYCA) and differentiation from its 5,3-regioisomer using chromatographic, spectroscopic, mass spectrometric platforms as well as crystal structure analysis [ 1197 ]; LC separation method for the analysis of JWH-122 and its methyl isomers [ 1198 ]; identification of 3-benzyl-5-[1-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazole (BzODZ-EPyr) by means of GC/MS, GC/HRMS, UHPLC/HRMS2, FT-IR and NMR (H-1 and C-13) [ 1199 ]; characterization of MDMB-CHMCZCA by various spectroscopic techniques including NMR spectroscopy and tandem mass spectrometry [ 1200 ]; 2017 selective SPE of four JWH synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018, JWH-073, AM-1220, WIN-55) using computationally designed peptides and analysis by UHPLC-MS/MS [ 1201 ]; case review (39 cases) of the effects of synthetic cannabinoid UR-144 [ 1202 ]; separation and identification the 5F-PB-22 and its isomers using GC-MS, solid deposition GC-IR spectroscopy and H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy [ 1203 ]; identification and characterization of 2-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetamido)-3-methylbutanamide [ 1204 ]; Identification of (1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone (DP-UR-144) in a herbal drug product using LC-MS, GC-MS and NMR [ 1205 ]; integration of NIR spectroscopy with chemometrics for the determination of AKB48 (N-1-Adamantyl-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) [ 1206 ]; 2018 GC-MS and GC-IR analyses of the methoxy-1-n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)-indoles: regioisomeric designer cannabinoids [ 1207 ]; Structural characterization and pharmacological evaluation of the new synthetic cannabinoid CUMYL-PEGACLONE using GC-MS. GC-sIR, LC-ESI-qToF-MS and NMR [ 1208 ]; chemistry and pharmacology of synthetic cannabinoid SDB-006 and its regioisomeric fluorinated and methoxylated analogues using LC-QTOF-MS [ 1209 ]; identification and characterization of an indazole-3-carboxamide class synthetic cannabinoid: 2-[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido]-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid (DMBA-CHMINACA) using GC-MS, LC-HRMS, IR and NMR [ 1210 ]; detection of 5F-MDMB-PICA in “legal high’ products and human urine samples using GC-MS, LC-MS/MS and LC-QToF-MS [ 1211 ]; LC-MS/MS analytical method for 11 Phytocannabinoids in cannabis [ 1212 ]; electrochemical biosensor for the detection of JWH-073 [ 1213 ]; 2019 identification of 5F-Cumyl-PINACA (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide in ...…”

A biosensor platform based on amine functionalized conjugated benzenediamine‐benzodithiophene polymer for testosterone analysis

“…Electrochemical methods, on the other hand, provide fast, low cost, on-site analyses with high specificity and high sensitivity. Studies involving the use of electrochemical biosensors for determination of testosterone [28] in biological fluids have also been reported as well as those for detection of other illicit drugs such as methamphetamine, [29] dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, [30] synthetic cannabinoids, [31] and cocaine. [32] Antibodies have been widely utilized in biosensors for detection of analytes.…”

Sensor Platform with a Custom‐tailored Aptamer for Diagnosis of Synthetic Cannabinoids

“…Recently, biosensor systems have emerged for fast and selective analysis of SCs. Lateral flow immunoassay assay (LFIA) , immunoassay based ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) or antibody‐based electrochemical biosensor systems were developed for identification of SCs. However, more selective electrochemical biosensor platforms can be designed by using aptamers that have superior properties to antibodies .…”