A further study of secondary reinforcement and the discrimination hypothesis.

Elam, Claude B.; Tyler, D. W.; Bitterman, M. E.

doi:10.1037/h0060635

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…These data are consistent with the discrimination hypothesis (Bitterman, Fedderson, & Tyler, 1953;Elam, Tyler, & Bitterman, 1954). However, the failure of the simple N condition to show reliably greater resistance to extinction than the simple P condition does not support this interpretation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Resistance to extinction as a function of degree of reproduction of training conditions.

Marx¹

1960

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Resistance to extinction as a function of degree of reproduction of training conditions.

Marx¹

1960

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Strong experimental evidence for the discrimination hypothesis is provided by two experiments (Bitterman, Fedderson, and Tyler, 1953;and Elam, Tyler, and Bitterman, 1954). These experiments have been thoroughly described in previous reviews (Walker, 1957;Myers, 1958;Mowrer, 1960).…”

Section: Discrimination Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Experimental results relevant to the discrimination hypothesis fall into three groups. One group of experiments (Bitterman, et al 1953;and Elam, et al 1954) favors the discrimination hypothesis. As Mowrer concluded after a thorough analysis of these experiments (Mowrer, 1960, pp.…”

Section: Discrimination Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT¹

Kelleher

Gollub

1962

J Exper Analysis Behavior

376

324

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This review critically analyzes experimental data relevant to the concept of conditioned reinforcement. The review has five sections. Section I is a discussion of the relationship between primary and conditioned reinforcement in terms of chains of stimuli and responses. Section II is a detailed analysis of the conditions in which the component stimuli in chained schedules of reinforcement will become conditioned reinforcers; this section also analyzes studies of token reinforcement, observing responses, switching responses, implicit chained schedules, and higher-order conditioning. Section III analyzes experiments in which potential conditioned reinforcers are used either to prolong responding or to generate responding during experimental extinction. This section discusses hypotheses that have been offered as alternatives to the concept of conditioned reinforcement and hypotheses concerning the necessary and sufficient conditions for establishing a conditioned reinforcer. Section IV discusses other variables that act when a conditioned reinforcer is being established or that act when an established conditioned reinforcer is used to develop or maintain behavior. Section V is a general discussion of conditioned reinforcement. The evidence indicates that the conditioned reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus is directly related to the frequency of primary reinforcement occurring in its presence, but is independent of the response rate or response pattern occurring in its presence. Results from chained schedules comprised of several components indicate that a stimulus can be established as a conditioned reinforcer by pairing it with an already established conditioned reinforcer rather than a primary reinforcer; however, this type of higher-order conditioning has not been clearly demonstrated with respondent conditioning procedures. Although discriminative stimuli are usually conditioned reinforcers, the available evidence indicates that establishing a stimulus as a discriminative stimulus is not necessary or sufficient for establishing it as a conditioned reinforcer. Discriminative stimuli in chained schedules with several components are not always conditioned reinforcers; stimuli that are simply paired with reinforcers can become conditioned reinforcers. The hypotheses that have been offered as alternatives to the concept of conditioned reinforcement are too limited to integrate the data that exist. The concepts of conditioned reinforcement and chained schedule, however, can be used to integrate the data obtained with diverse techniques. Recent experiments have revealed several techniques for the development of effective conditioned reinforcers. These techniques provide a powerful tool for advancing understanding of conditioned reinforcement and for extending control over behavior.

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“…Now at the State University of Iowa. Bitterman (1954), however, reported a subsequent replication of this result.…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

Differential conditioning extinction, and secondary reinforcement.

Black¹

1965

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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The present study was concerned with secondary reinforcement effects in extinction. 82 rats were given differential conditioning in a pair of straight alleys. For each S one alley (black or white) was positive (a sucrose solution reward in goal box) while the other was negative. Following 42 acquisition trials, Ss were divided into 4 groups. G + + was extinguished in the previously positive alley and G in the negative alley. G-(-was extinguished in an alley consisting of the positive runway (RW) and negative goal box (GB), while for G-h the RW was negative and the GB positive. Starting, running, and goal-box speeds were recorded. G-h showed the slowest rate of extinction, while extinction was generally fastest for G-|-. G++ and G were intermediate. These results were interpreted as contrary to the conventional concept of secondary reinforcement and an alternative formulation was suggested.

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A further study of secondary reinforcement and the discrimination hypothesis.

Cited by 23 publications

References 4 publications

Resistance to extinction as a function of degree of reproduction of training conditions.

Resistance to extinction as a function of degree of reproduction of training conditions.

A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT¹

Differential conditioning extinction, and secondary reinforcement.

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A further study of secondary reinforcement and the discrimination hypothesis.

Cited by 23 publications

References 4 publications

Resistance to extinction as a function of degree of reproduction of training conditions.

Resistance to extinction as a function of degree of reproduction of training conditions.

A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT1

Differential conditioning extinction, and secondary reinforcement.

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A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT¹