A gall-inducing arthropod drives declines in canopy tree photosynthesis

Patankar, Rajit; Thomas, Sean C.; Smith, Sandy M.

doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2019-8

Cited by 35 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Although background levels of herbivory are typically low (\16%), with the exception of outbreak years, even low levels may alter biomass (Wolf et al 2008;Patankar et al 2011). Our data indicated that fresh defoliation damage immediately impaired UPSII in remaining aspen tissues, and that this reduction in UPSII attenuated with time (Table 2; Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

“…Arthropod herbivory can reduce plant productivity by removing photosynthetic leaf area. In addition, results from this study and others (Aldea et al 2005(Aldea et al , 2006Patankar et al 2011;Zangerl et al 2002) indicate that in some cases damage to leaf surfaces causes a reduction in the quantum efficiency of photosystem II fluorescence (UPSII), which is ND propagated distance was not detectable Fig. 2 The mean (±SE) distance that damage to UPSII propagated into remaining tissues adjacent to defoliated edges and gall formation (n = 3 per damage type).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Arthropod herbivory alters ecosystem productivity, especially in outbreak years (Cyr and Pace 1993), and recent evidence suggests that the manner of feeding (e.g., chewing, phloem feeding) may alter how herbivory affects productivity (Zvereva et al 2010;Patankar et al 2011). Reductions in productivity result, in part, from damagespecific alterations of photosynthetic capacity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Elevated CO2 interacts with herbivory to alter chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf temperature in Betula papyrifera and Populus tremuloides

et al. 2012

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Herbivory can influence ecosystem productivity, but recent evidence suggests that damage by herbivores modulates potential productivity specific to damage type. Because productivity is linked to photosynthesis at the leaf level, which in turn is influenced by atmospheric CO(2) concentrations, we investigated how different herbivore damage types alter component processes of photosynthesis under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO(2). We examined spatial patterns in chlorophyll fluorescence and the temperature of leaves damaged by leaf-chewing, gall-forming, and leaf-folding insects in aspen trees as well as by leaf-chewing insects in birch trees under ambient and elevated CO(2) at the aspen free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) site in Wisconsin. Both defoliation and gall damage suppressed the operating efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII) in remaining leaf tissue, and the distance that damage propagated into visibly undamaged tissue was marginally attenuated under elevated CO(2). Elevated CO(2) increased leaf temperatures, which reduced the cooling effect of gall formation and freshly chewed leaf tissue. These results provide mechanistic insight into how different damage types influence the remaining, visibly undamaged leaf tissue, and suggest that elevated CO(2) may reduce the effects of herbivory on the primary photochemistry controlling photosynthesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Elevated CO2 interacts with herbivory to alter chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf temperature in Betula papyrifera and Populus tremuloides

et al. 2012

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“…Given that stage-dependent parasite virulence and host tolerance are common to a variety of disease systems (Kelly et al, 2010;Patankar et al, 2011), incorporating ontogeny into studies of climate-driven changes to host-parasite interactions will enhance our understanding of how host pathology may respond to climate change (Ryce et al, 2004;Yang & Rudolf, 2010), including the potential for nonlinear effects of temperature on host pathology. Because hosts and parasites experience trade-offs between life history characteristics such as development rates and survival in response to temperature increases, nonlinear relationships between temperature and infection or pathology are likely to be common.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature‐driven shifts in a host‐parasite interaction drive nonlinear changes in disease risk

Paull

LaFonte

Johnson

2012

Global Change Biology

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Climate change may shift the timing and consequences of interspecific interactions, including those important to disease spread. Because hosts and pathogens may respond differentially to climate shifts, however, predicting the net effects on disease patterns remains challenging. Here, we used field data to guide a series of laboratory experiments that systematically evaluated the effects of temperature on the full infection process, including survival, penetration, establishment, persistence, and virulence of a highly pathogenic trematode (Ribeiroia ondatrae), and the development and survival of its amphibian host. Our results revealed nonlinearities in pathology as a function of temperature, which likely resulted from changes in both host and parasite processes. Both hosts and parasites responded strongly to temperature; hosts accelerated development while parasites showed enhanced host penetration but reduced establishment (encystment) and survival outside the host. While there were no differences in host survival among treatments, we observed a mid‐temperature peak in parasite‐induced deformities (63% at 20 °C), with the lowest frequency of deformities (12%) occurring at the highest temperature (26 °C). This nonlinear effect could result from temperature‐driven changes in parasite burden owing to shifts in host penetration and/or clearance, reductions in host vulnerability owing to faster development, or both. Furthermore, despite strong temperature‐driven changes in parasite penetration, survival, and establishment, the opposing nature of these effects lead to no difference in tadpole parasite burdens shortly after infection. These findings suggest that temperature‐driven changes to the disease process may not be easily observable from comparison of parasite burdens alone, but multi‐tiered experiments quantifying the responses of hosts, parasites and their interactions can enhance our ability to predict temperature‐driven changes to disease risk. Climate‐driven changes to disease patterns will therefore depend on underlying shifts in host and parasite development rates and the timing of their interactions.

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“…For example, gall density may increase with host age in some species (Patankar et al. ) and decrease in others (Fonseca et al. ; Ribeiro & Basset ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The distribution of a host‐specific canopy parasite is linked with local species diversity in a northern temperate forest

Patankar

Fuller

Smith

et al. 2013

J Vegetation Science

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Question Is the spatial distribution and density of the maple spindle gall mite Vasates aceriscrumena (MSGM) positively correlated with the distribution and density of its host? Is the distribution of MSGM influenced by non‐host species and abiotic factors? Location Temperate mixed hardwood forest stand, Haliburton Forest and Wildlife Reserve, Ontario, Canada. Methods We used the mapped locations of host and non‐host trees to investigate the cause of spatial variation in the density of MSGM within an 8.8‐ha forest plot in central Ontario, Canada. Gall densities were determined from fallen leaves, collected at 20‐m intervals. We used Mantel and partial Mantel tests to compute the correlation between gall density and several spatially variable biotic and abiotic factors: (1) host density and basal area, (2) density of non‐host stems, (3) overall stem density, (4) stem species diversity and (5) topography. Results The density of leaf galls was weakly correlated with host density and basal area. Although the correlation with host density and basal area was statistically significant, leaf gall density was more strongly correlated with overall tree species richness and overall stem density. Gall densities were highest at the boundaries of neighbourhoods containing high and moderate sugar maple (Acer saccharum) densities. Partial Mantel tests indicated that the observed spatial correlations held when controlling for the potential influence of topography. Conclusions Based on the spatial relationships documented here, we speculate that the mechanism responsible for the correlation between the MSGM and non‐host stems is parasite‐induced host stress. Separate studies have established a strong negative impact of the MSGM parasite on sugar maple stem growth. We suggest that by weakening the competitive ability of its host, the parasite indirectly promotes local species diversity through competitive release. Given the high diversity and prevalence of leaf gall parasites in mixed hardwood stands, depression of host dominance by leaf parasites may represent an unexplored mechanism for the maintenance of species diversity in northern temperate forests.

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A gall-inducing arthropod drives declines in canopy tree photosynthesis

Cited by 35 publications

References 38 publications

Elevated CO2 interacts with herbivory to alter chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf temperature in Betula papyrifera and Populus tremuloides

Elevated CO2 interacts with herbivory to alter chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf temperature in Betula papyrifera and Populus tremuloides

Temperature‐driven shifts in a host‐parasite interaction drive nonlinear changes in disease risk

The distribution of a host‐specific canopy parasite is linked with local species diversity in a northern temperate forest

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