A Gas-Tight Growth Chamber for Investigating Gaseous Nitrogen Changes in the Soil : Plant : Atmosphere System

Ross, P. J.; Martin, A. E.; Henzell, EF

doi:10.1038/204444a0

Cited by 30 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The need to develop ''undisturbed'' soil, sediment, or soil-plant incubation systems for direct measurement of N gas production was first noted by No˜mmik (1956). Since then, several attempts have been made to develop gas-tight systems with reduced partial pressure of N 2 for both terrestrial (e.g., Ross et al 1964, Stefanson 1970, 1972, Van Cleemput 1971, Scholefield et al 1997a, Butterbach-Bahl et al 2002 and aquatic (Barbaree andPayne 1967, Seitzinger 1988) systems. In most of these studies, N 2 was replaced with inert gases such as He or Ar (e.g., Stefanson and Greenland 1970, Stefanson 1972, Galsworthy and Burford 1978, Wickramasinghe et al 1978 or the N 2 partial pressure was reduced to ,30 000 kPa and an 15 N tracer was used (e.g., Ross et al 1964, Kralova et al 1992.…”

Section: Direct N 2 Quantification In Terrestrial Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, several attempts have been made to develop gas-tight systems with reduced partial pressure of N 2 for both terrestrial (e.g., Ross et al 1964, Stefanson 1970, 1972, Van Cleemput 1971, Scholefield et al 1997a, Butterbach-Bahl et al 2002 and aquatic (Barbaree andPayne 1967, Seitzinger 1988) systems. In most of these studies, N 2 was replaced with inert gases such as He or Ar (e.g., Stefanson and Greenland 1970, Stefanson 1972, Galsworthy and Burford 1978, Wickramasinghe et al 1978 or the N 2 partial pressure was reduced to ,30 000 kPa and an 15 N tracer was used (e.g., Ross et al 1964, Kralova et al 1992. Until recent years, the major shortcoming of these methods was a rather low sensitivity, since mostly robust katharometers or thermal conductivity detectors were used for N 2 analysis, yielding detection limits for denitrification of at best 50 g NÁha À1 Ád À1 (e.g., Galsworthy andBurford 1978, Scholefield et al 1997a).…”

Section: Direct N 2 Quantification In Terrestrial Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methods for Measuring Denitrification: Diverse Approaches to a Difficult Problem

Groffman

Altabet

Böhlke

et al. 2006

Ecological Applications

821

754

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Denitrification, the reduction of the nitrogen (N) oxides, nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-), to the gases nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and dinitrogen (N2), is important to primary production, water quality, and the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere at ecosystem, landscape, regional, and global scales. Unfortunately, this process is very difficult to measure, and existing methods are problematic for different reasons in different places at different times. In this paper, we review the major approaches that have been taken to measure denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic environments and discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and future prospects for the different methods. Methodological approaches covered include (1) acetylene-based methods, (2) 15N tracers, (3) direct N2 quantification, (4) N2:Ar ratio quantification, (5) mass balance approaches, (6) stoichiometric approaches, (7) methods based on stable isotopes, (8) in situ gradients with atmospheric environmental tracers, and (9) molecular approaches. Our review makes it clear that the prospects for improved quantification of denitrification vary greatly in different environments and at different scales. While current methodology allows for the production of accurate estimates of denitrification at scales relevant to water and air quality and ecosystem fertility questions in some systems (e.g., aquatic sediments, well-defined aquifers), methodology for other systems, especially upland terrestrial areas, still needs development. Comparison of mass balance and stoichiometric approaches that constrain estimates of denitrification at large scales with point measurements (made using multiple methods), in multiple systems, is likely to propel more improvement in denitrification methods over the next few years.

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Section: Direct N 2 Quantification In Terrestrial Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Direct N 2 Quantification In Terrestrial Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods for Measuring Denitrification: Diverse Approaches to a Difficult Problem

Groffman

Altabet

Böhlke

et al. 2006

Ecological Applications

821

754

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“…15 N 2 -labelling in a closed growth chamber (Ross et al 1964), the split-root technique with 15 N feeding of one-half of the legume root (Sawatsky and Soper 1991), the 15 N stemfeeding technique, the cotton-wick method (Russell and Fillery 1996), the 15 N leaf-feeding technique (McNeill et al 1997) and the soil 15 N dilution technique (Lory et al 1992). In spite of this technical breakthrough, very few results have been published to date.…”

Section: Collating a Database On N 2 Fixationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships for estimating N₂ fixation in legumes: incidence for N balance of legume‐based cropping systems in Europe

2015

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Citation: Anglade, J., G. Billen, and J. Garnier. 2015. Relationships for estimating N 2 fixation in legumes: incidence for N balance of legume-based cropping systems in Europe. Ecosphere 6(3):37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00353.1Abstract. Management of nitrogen (N) inputs into agricultural systems is of increasing interest due to the intensive use of synthetic fertilizers in modern cash crop systems, which has caused considerable environmental damage, including nitrate contamination of surface and groundwater, eutrophication of coastal marine areas and emission of greenhouse gases. The use of legumes grown in rotations or intercropping is nowadays regarded as an alternative and sustainable way of introducing N into low-input cropping systems. In order to develop a simple tool to assess biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by legume pulse and forages within crop rotations, we conducted a systematic literature survey with a quantitative statistical analysis intended to define a robust relationship between measurable variables and N 2 fixation. We found highly significant correlations between total N accumulation in shoot matter and fixed N 2 in forage (y ¼ 0.79x À 0.49) and grain (y ¼ 0.70x þ 1.01) legumes. Accurately estimating the contribution of belowground components is more difficult because of a lack of relevant studies. Properly assessing BNF is crucial to evaluate the possibility of diversified legume based cropping systems achieving a balance between inputs and outputs, thus ensuring both short-term productivity and long-term sustainability. For a typical nine-year organic rotation in the Paris basin alternating legumes and cereals, the soil surface balance, calculated with the relationships obtained, indicated that N fluxes were balanced, leaving a surplus of only a few kg N/ha/yr, with legumes accounting for 86% of total N inputs.

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“…Data from such experiments indicate negligible amounts of short-term transfer of fixed N from white clover to ryegrass (McNeill and Wood, 1990). Ross et al (1964) constructed a gas-tight growth chamber and suggested that it could be used to test the reliability of the ~SN isotope dilution method, but the experiments were never reported; in view of the difficulties described here, this is perhaps not surprising. However, accepting these limitations and problems, such a system can provide useful data on calibration of methods and also on N processes in the plant-soil system.…”

Section: Wood and Mcneillmentioning

confidence: 90%

15N2 measurement of nitrogen fixation by legumes and actinorhizals: theory and practice

Wood

McNeill

1993

Plant Soil

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A Gas-Tight Growth Chamber for Investigating Gaseous Nitrogen Changes in the Soil : Plant : Atmosphere System

Cited by 30 publications

References 11 publications

Methods for Measuring Denitrification: Diverse Approaches to a Difficult Problem

Methods for Measuring Denitrification: Diverse Approaches to a Difficult Problem

Relationships for estimating N₂ fixation in legumes: incidence for N balance of legume‐based cropping systems in Europe

15N2 measurement of nitrogen fixation by legumes and actinorhizals: theory and practice

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A Gas-Tight Growth Chamber for Investigating Gaseous Nitrogen Changes in the Soil : Plant : Atmosphere System

Cited by 30 publications

References 11 publications

Methods for Measuring Denitrification: Diverse Approaches to a Difficult Problem

Methods for Measuring Denitrification: Diverse Approaches to a Difficult Problem

Relationships for estimating N2 fixation in legumes: incidence for N balance of legume‐based cropping systems in Europe

15N2 measurement of nitrogen fixation by legumes and actinorhizals: theory and practice

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Relationships for estimating N₂ fixation in legumes: incidence for N balance of legume‐based cropping systems in Europe