A Gel‐Free Ti3C2Tx‐Based Electrode Array for High‐Density, High‐Resolution Surface Electromyography

Murphy, Brendan B.; Mulcahey, Patrick J.; Driscoll, Nicolette; Richardson, Andrew G.; Robbins, Gregory T.; Apollo, Nicholas V.; Maleski, Kathleen; Lucas, Timothy H.; Gogotsi, Yury; Dillingham, Timothy R.; Vitale, Flavia

doi:10.1002/admt.202000325

Cited by 48 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Both Table 1 and Table 2 indicate the chi-squared value ranging from 0.7 × 10 −2 and 4.4 × 10 −2 for the fitting of the parameters to the circuit model. The obtained goodness of fit values is of the same order of magnitude as that of previous research works that depicted a good agreement between the fitting and experimental data [ 6 , 40 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Dependence of Skin-Electrode Contact Impedance on Material and Skin Hydration

Goyal

Borkholder

Day

2022

Sensors

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Dry electrodes offer an accessible continuous acquisition of biopotential signals as part of current in-home monitoring systems but often face challenges of high-contact impedance that results in poor signal quality. The performance of dry electrodes could be affected by electrode material and skin hydration. Herein, we investigate these dependencies using a circuit skin-electrode interface model, varying material and hydration in controlled benchtop experiments on a biomimetic skin phantom simulating dry and hydrated skin. Results of the model demonstrate the contribution of the individual components in the circuit to total impedance and assist in understanding the role of electrode material in the mechanistic principle of dry electrodes. Validation was performed by conducting in vivo skin-electrode contact impedance measurements across ten normative human subjects. Further, the impact of the electrode on biopotential signal quality was evaluated by demonstrating an ability to capture clinically relevant electrocardiogram signals by using dry electrodes integrated into a toilet seat cardiovascular monitoring system. Titanium electrodes resulted in better signal quality than stainless steel electrodes. Results suggest that relative permittivity of native oxide of electrode material come into contact with the skin contributes to the interface impedance, and can lead to enhancement in the capacitive coupling of biopotential signals, especially in dry skin individuals.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Dependence of Skin-Electrode Contact Impedance on Material and Skin Hydration

Goyal

Borkholder

Day

2022

Sensors

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“…Before each impedance measurement, two ConMed electrodes were placed on the elbow and over the deltoid as counter and reference electrodes, respectively. The skin impedance was measured via cutaneous electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), using a Gamry Instruments Interface 1010E potentiostat/galvanostat/ZRA with a 10 mV rms sinusoidal input driving voltage and a 1–10 5 Hz frequency sweep [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. A self-adhering non-woven bandage was wrapped around the subject’s upper arms to protect the electrodes from unconscious everyday movements that might cause displacement or detachment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Evolution of the Skin–Electrode Interface Impedance under Different Skin Treatments

Murphy

Scheid

Hendricks

et al. 2021

Sensors

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A low and stable impedance at the skin–electrode interface is key to high-fidelity acquisition of biosignals, both acutely and in the long term. However, recording quality is highly variable due to the complex nature of human skin. Here, we present an experimental and modeling framework to investigate the interfacial impedance behavior, and describe how skin interventions affect its stability over time. To illustrate this approach, we report experimental measurements on the skin–electrode impedance using pre-gelled, clinical-grade electrodes in healthy human subjects recorded over 24 h following four skin treatments: (i) mechanical abrasion, (ii) chemical exfoliation, (iii) microporation, and (iv) no treatment. In the immediate post-treatment period, mechanical abrasion yields the lowest initial impedance, whereas the other treatments provide modest improvement compared to untreated skin. After 24 h, however, the impedance becomes more uniform across all groups (<20 kΩ at 10 Hz). The impedance data are fitted with an equivalent circuit model of the complete skin–electrode interface, clearly identifying skin-level versus electrode-level contributions to the overall impedance. Using this model, we systematically investigate how time and treatment affect the impedance response, and show that removal of the superficial epidermal layers is essential to achieving a low, long-term stable interface impedance.

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“…In the same content, Murphy and co-workers used MXene encapsulated in parylene-C gel-free in high-density EMG arrays. The impedance of electrodes in contact with human skin was recorded 100–1000 times lower than commercially available electrodes [ 93 ]. Therefore, compared with conventional metal nanostructures as metallic contact electrodes that need sintering and optimization of a thermal treatment, 2D MXene ink displays more flexibility, electrical conductivity with lower skin–electrode interface impedance and gel-free application capability which makes it a key material for future biomedical applications.…”

Section: Biomedical Applications Of 2d Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications

Derakhshi

Daemi

Shahini

et al. 2022

JFB

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Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) have shown to have a high potential in future biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties such as unusual electrical conductivity, high biocompatibility, large surface area, and extraordinary thermal and mechanical properties. Although the potential of graphene as the most common 2D nanomaterials in biomedical applications has been extensively investigated, the practical use of other nanoengineered 2D materials beyond graphene such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), topological insulators (TIs), phosphorene, antimonene, bismuthene, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MXenes for biomedical applications have not been appreciated so far. This review highlights not only the unique opportunities of 2D nanomaterials beyond graphene in various biomedical research areas such as bioelectronics, imaging, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine but also addresses the risk factors and challenges ahead from the medical perspective and clinical translation of nanoengineered 2D materials. In conclusion, the perspectives and future roadmap of nanoengineered 2D materials beyond graphene are outlined for biomedical applications.

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A Gel‐Free Ti₃C₂T_x‐Based Electrode Array for High‐Density, High‐Resolution Surface Electromyography

Cited by 48 publications

References 80 publications

Dependence of Skin-Electrode Contact Impedance on Material and Skin Hydration

Dependence of Skin-Electrode Contact Impedance on Material and Skin Hydration

Time Evolution of the Skin–Electrode Interface Impedance under Different Skin Treatments

Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications

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