A general life estimation method for overhead conductors based on fretting fatigue behavior of wires

Characteristics of Wires of the Long-Operated Aluminum-Steel Cable at Different Places on an Overhead Power Line Span

“…In the literature, stranded all-aluminum cables are referred to as all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAACs) [4,7,8,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] or, separately, all-aluminum conductors (AACs) if all of the wires in the cable are made of high-purity aluminum or aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR) if the wires are made of technical-grade aluminum [28]. Stranded steel-aluminum cables are called aluminum conductors (or cable or clad) steel-reinforced (ACSR) [4][5][6][7]11,12,14,15,26,[29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

“…Earlier, to investigate the processes occurring during the operation of cables, cables were studied not only immediately after operation in OPLs [5,11,12,14,15,[24][25][26]30,34] but also after fatigue tests [6,16,[20][21][22][23][27][28][29][31][32][33]35,36], which simulated "aging" of wires (changes in microstructural, structural, and other properties) under real operating conditions or after heat treatment [8][9][10]. Both AAAC [6,8,16,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]36] and ACSR [5,6,11,12,14,15,26,[29][30]…”

“…A wide range of experimental methods were used for research, such as optical microscopy (OM) [5,11,12,14,15,[20][21][22][23]25,27,29,30], scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [5,11,12,14,15,[20][21][22][23]27,30,32], energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX, also energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy in some articles, abbreviated as EDS) [5,11,14,20,24,25,27,30], X-ray diffraction (XRD) [14,15,[24][25][26][27], electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) [24][25][26][27]34], densitometry [24][25][26][27]34], the acoustic-resonance ...…”

“…For instance, the effect of both tensile mechanical stress [20,21,28,29] and the amplitude of displacements at bending [6,[21][22][23]28,29,31,35] were investigated, as well as that of annealing temperature [8,9] and mechanical defects of Al wires during their production [7], effect of clamp material [23,31], elemental composition of Al wires [6,22], presence of a steel core [6,26], corrosion due to exposure to ambient air during operation in power lines [5,14,15,30], forest fires [10], and the environment during fatigue tests (either room atmosphere or NaCl solution) [32]. Changes in the microstructure, structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of wires from cables were also studied after their operation in OPLs for various service lives ranging from 8 to 62 years [5,11,12,14,15,[24][25][26]30,34] and after fatigue testing [27,36].…”

“…Nevertheless, there are several works where the characteristics of wires in cables were determined depending on their position in the cross-section of AAAC cables [21,23] or ACSR ones [11,12,14,15,[29][30][31]34] with more than one layer of Al wires. The main research methods in these works, as in most articles where the position of the wire in the wraps was not fixed [5,6,16,20,22,28,29,[31][32][33], were methods of OM [11,12,14,15,21,23,29,30], SEM [11,12,14,15,23,30], XRD [14,15], and EDX [11,14,30], on the basis of which qualitative fractographic [20,21,23,[29][30][31] (for broken wires), metallographic [11,12,…”