A generalized Benford's law for JPEG coefficients and its applications in image forensics

Fu, Dongdong; Shi, Yun Q.; Su, Wei

doi:10.1117/12.704723

Cited by 226 publications

(182 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, the work in [7] detects the peculiar modifications on coefficients statistics brought by double quantization using an support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The approach in [14] generalizes the Benford's law for the DCT coefficients and checks its consistency on the analyzed image (more details will be provided in Section III). Other strategies rely on the assumption that quantization is an idempotent operation, i.e., requantizing DCT coefficients with the same quantizer leads to reconstructed values highly-correlated with its input [15].…”

Section: I R E L a T E D W O R K Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This fact has been widely employed in fraud detection in different fields (elections [21,22], budget [23,24], etc. ), as well as in detecting double compression in JPEG images [14]. 1 Note that in this model we omit to consider the rounding and clipping of the reconstructed pixels to finite precision integer values after inverse DCT.…”

Section: B) the Fd Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Features may include the simple FD statistics for the DCT coefficients at low frequencies [18] or the relative difference between the actual pmf and the Benford's equation, i.e. χ(m) = ( p(m) −p(m))/p(m) [14].…”

Section: A) Feature Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discriminating multiple JPEG compressions using first digit features

Milani

Tagliasacchi

Tubaro

2014

SIP

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I . I N T R O D U C T I O NThe recent development of multimedia devices and editing tools, together with the proliferation of communication infrastructures and content sharing applications, has made the acquisition, the editing, and the diffusion of images and videos relatively-easy tasks. A single multimedia content downloaded from the internet can be the outcome of a long chain of processing steps. This fact introduces several concerns about the origin, the authenticity, and the trustability of images and videos downloaded from the network [1,2]. Moreover, identifying the origin and the authenticity (i.e., the absence of alterations after acquisition) of images proves to be a crucial element in court cases for the validation of evidences [3]. Moreover, detecting alterations permits inferring an objective quality evaluation of the analyzed multimedia content.From these premises, multimedia forensic analysts have been recently focusing on detecting alterations on images since they can be easily acquired and modified even by a non-expert user. In order to fulfill this task, many of the proposed works aim at identifying images, which have been compressed more than once estimating the coding parameters that characterize the coding stages that precede the last one [4]. This fact is justified by the observation that most Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione, e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, P.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, ItalyCorresponding author: S. Milani Email: simone.milani@polimi.it of the digital multimedia contents are available in compressed format. Indeed, most of the images distributed over the internet are coded according to the JPEG standard [5].All the solutions proposed in the literature aim at detecting double compression on images assuming that some alterations can be performed between the first and the second compression stages. However, we believe that this assumption does not hold in many practical scenarios since analyzing the feasible processing chains for a given downloaded image it is deducible that more than two compression stages may have been applied. As an illustrative example, let us consider an image, which is originally compressed by the acquisition device (i.e., a video or photo camera) to be stored in the onboard memory. A second compression is performed by the owner, after editing the image to enhance the perceptual quality and adjust the format (e.g., brightness/contrast adjustment, rescaling, cropping, color correction, etc.). A third compression is performed whenever the content is uploaded to a blog or to an on-line photo album. As a matter of fact, it is reasonable to assume that a large number of digital images available online have gone through more than two compression stages performed by its owner, and could be further compressed by other users. In these cases, a method that identifies the number of compression stages proves to be extremely important in reconstructing the processing history of a content [6].This paper aims at identifying traces of...

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Section: I R E L a T E D W O R K Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B) the Fd Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discriminating multiple JPEG compressions using first digit features

Milani

Tagliasacchi

Tubaro

2014

SIP

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“…Feng and Doerr extract DCT histogram features to feed both an LDA classifier and an SVM. The system is shown to outperform the Generalized Benford's law descriptors proposed in [36]. From a different perspective, information about an image compression history can be obtained by estimating its primary quantization matrix, to be matched then with the one included in the image header.…”

Section: Tampering Detection Independent On the Type Of Forgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an example, in [92] Wang and others propose a probabilistic analysis of Generalized Benford's Law, which was previously proposed for tampering detection in [36] (cfr. Section 4.2.3).…”

Section: Tampering Detection Independent On the Type Of Forgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital image forensics: a booklet for beginners

Redi

Taktak

Dugelay

2010

Multimed Tools Appl

307

115

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Digital visual media represent nowadays one of the principal means for communication. Lately, the reliability of digital visual information has been questioned, due to the ease in counterfeiting both its origin and content. Digital image forensics is a brand new research field which aims at validating the authenticity of images by recovering information about their history. Two main problems are addressed: the identification of the imaging device that captured the image, and the detection of traces of forgeries. Nowadays, thanks to the promising results attained by early studies and to the always growing number of applications, digital image forensics represents an appealing investigation domain for many researchers. This survey is designed for scholars and IT professionals approaching this field, reviewing existing tools and providing a view on the past, the present and the future of digital image forensics.

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Camera‐Based Image Forgery Detection

Ho¹,

Li²

2015

Handbook of Digital Forensics of Multimedia Data and Devices

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A generalized Benford's law for JPEG coefficients and its applications in image forensics

Cited by 226 publications

References 10 publications

Discriminating multiple JPEG compressions using first digit features

Discriminating multiple JPEG compressions using first digit features

Digital image forensics: a booklet for beginners

Camera‐Based Image Forgery Detection

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