A geological and mineralogical review of clay mineral deposits and phyllosilicate ore guides in Central Europe – A function of geodynamics and climate change

Dill, Harald G.

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103304

Cited by 39 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 217 publications

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“…Indeed, they can be used as a geoacidometer being stable at pH values ranging from about 4.5 to 6 [40,41]. Studies on alunite-supergroup (aluminum-phosphates-sulphates, APS) minerals bearing kaolinite deposits of hydrothermal origin, in the circum-Pacific Rim fold belts (El Salvador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Indonesia), showed that the interrelationship of APS minerals with predominantly kaolinite-group minerals can be useful for the characterization of the physicochemical (particularly temperature) conditions of formation [42][43][44][45].…”

Section: Kaolinite Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Talc (the ideal formula is [Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 ]) occurs mainly in propylitic alteration facies (Table 2) [41]. Like the serpentine group minerals, sepiolite/palygorskite are found as a hydrothermal alteration of mafic and ultramafic rocks of the oceanic crust.…”

Section: Talcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serpentine GroupSerpentine is a Mg-Fe-bearing phyllosilicate ([(Mg,Fe) 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ]) that displays three polymorphs: antigorite, lizardite, and chrysotile. In a hydrothermal environment, the serpentine group minerals are found as an alteration of ultramafic rocks by means of seawater-dominated fluids at a temperature ranging between 250 and 350 • C[41,62,63], and they can be locally found in propylitic alteration facies.3.9. Sepiolite-PalygorskiteSepiolite [Mg 4 (Si 6 O 15 )(OH) 2 •6H 2 O] and palygorskite [(Mg,Al) 5 (Si,Al) 8 O 20 (OH) 2 •8H 2 O], albeit not true phyllosilicates in the strict sense because of their fiber structure, are generally attributed to this class of silicates…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Systems

Fulignati

2020

Minerals

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The study of active and fossil hydrothermal systems shows clay minerals to be a fundamental tool for the identification and characterization of hydrothermal alteration facies. The occurrence and composition of hydrothermal alteration facies could provide useful information on the physicochemical conditions of the hydrothermal activity affecting a rock volume. In particular, clay minerals (i.e., smectite group, chlorite, illite, kaoline group, pyrophyllite, biotite) are pivotal for extrapolating important parameters that strongly affect the development of water/rock interaction processes such as the temperature and pH of the hydrothermal environment. This work aims to give a general reference scheme concerning the occurrence of clay minerals in hydrothermal alteration paragenesis, their significance, and the information that can be deduced by their presence and chemical composition, with some examples from active and fossil hydrothermal systems around the world. The main mineralogical geothermometers based on chlorite and illite composition are presented, together with the use of hydrogen and oxygen isotope investigation of clay minerals in hydrothermal systems. These techniques provide a useful tool for the reconstruction of the origin and evolution of fluids involved in hydrothermal alteration. Finally, a list of oxygen and hydrogen fractionation factor equations between the main clay minerals and water is also provided.

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Section: Kaolinite Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Talcmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Systems

Fulignati

2020

Minerals

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“…This is to demonstrate that the current study is also applicable to the E & E issue (extractive and environmental geology). Figure 1 provides an overview of all study areas where these sedimentological, mineralogical and sedimentological studies played an import role in the E & E issue projects and suitable unconsolidated siliceous, calcareous and volcanogenic sediments of Quaternary age could be sampled for the current study [37][38][39][40][41]. Thereby, a homogeneous database regarding analyses and interpretation could be ensured, a fact which is mandatory but could not be attained by collecting data from the literature.…”

Section: Chemical Weatheringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends and Composition—A Sedimentological-Chemical-Mineralogical Approach to Constrain the Origin of Quaternary Deposits and Landforms—From a Review to a Manual

Dill

2022

Geosciences

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In this study, six basic Quaternary landform series (LFS) and their sedimentary deposits (LFS1 aeolian, LFS 2.1 to 2.2 mass wasting, LFS 3 cryogenic-glacial, LFS 4.1 to 4.6 fluvial, LFS 5.1 to 5.2 coastal-marine, LFS 6.1 to 6.3 lacustrine) are subdivided into subtypes and examined with regard to their sedimentological parameters and their mineralogical and chemical compositions. Emphasis is placed on the textural (related to transport and deposition), compositional (sediment load/weight, Eh and pH) and geodynamic maturity of the sedimentary deposits which are influenced by the parent lithology and bedrock tectonic and by the climate during the last 2 Ma. To constrain the development of the LFS and their sediments, composite trend-line diagrams are designed combining sedimentological (x-axis) and chemical/mineralogical dataset (y-axis): (1) sorting vs. heavy mineral content; (2) sphericity of grains vs. silica/carbonate contents; and (3) median vs. Ti/Fe ratios. In addition, the x-y plots showing the log SiO2/Al2O3 vs. log Na2O/K2O are amended by a dataset of the three most common clay minerals, i.e., kaolinite-, mica-, and smectite-group clay minerals. Such joint sedimentological-chemical-mineralogical investigations focused on the depositional environment of unconsolidated clastic sediments of Quaternary age can be used to describe the economic geology and environmental geology of mineral deposits in the pre-Quaternary sedimentary series according to the phrase: “The Present is the key to the Past”. Both trend diagrams and compositional x-y plots can contribute to constraining the development of the full transect of landform series from the fluvial incision and slope retreat to reef islands fringing the coastal zone towards the open sea as far as they are built up of clastic sedimentary deposits enriched in siliceous and/or carbonate minerals. Climate zonation and crustal maturity are the exogenous and endogenous “drivers”, as can be deduced from the compositional (mineralogy and chemistry) and physical (transport and deposition) variations observed in the Quaternary sediments. The current study bridges the gap between a review only based on literature and a hybrid manual generated by practical field studies devoted to applied geosciences in economic and environmental geology (“E & E issue”).

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“…Conversely, some petalite samples showed additional cookeite (Li-chlorite) and saponite (Mg-smectite) features not recognized in spodumene samples. However, this is not enough to distinguish between the two Li-aluminosilicates, because cookeite and other clay minerals (such as kaolinite or smectites) can form from either petalite or spodumene alteration (e.g., [68][69][70] and references therein). These results also indicate that it would not be possible to spectrally discriminate spodumene or petalite from montmorillonite/illite, based on the absorption features.…”

Section: Spectral Behavior Of Li-bearing Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretation of the Reflectance Spectra of Lithium (Li) Minerals and Pegmatites: A Case Study for Mineralogical and Lithological Identification in the Fregeneda-Almendra Area

et al. 2021

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Reflectance spectroscopy has been used to identify several deposit types. However, applications concerning lithium (Li)-pegmatites are still scarce. Reflectance spectroscopic studies complemented by microscopic and geochemical studies were employed in the Fregeneda–Almendra (Spain–Portugal) pegmatite field to analyze the spectral behavior of Li-minerals and field lithologies. The spectral similarity of the target class (Li-pegmatites) with other elements was also evaluated. Lepidolite was discriminated from other white micas and the remaining Li-minerals. No diagnostic feature of petalite and spodumene was identified, since their spectral curves are dominated by clays. Their presence was corroborated (by complementary techniques) in petalite relics and completely replaced crystals, although the clay-related absorption depths decrease with Li content. This implies that clays can be used as pathfinders only in areas where argillic alteration is not prevalent. All sampled lithologies present similar water and/or hydroxide features. The overall mineral assemblage is very distinct, with lepidolite, cookeite, and orthoclase exclusively identified in Li-pegmatite (being these minerals crucial targets for Li-pegmatite discrimination in real-life applications), while chlorite and biotite can occur in the remaining lithologies. Satellite data can be used to discriminate Li-pegmatites due to distinct reflectance magnitude and mineral assemblages, higher absorptions depths, and distinct Al–OH wavelength position. The potential use of multi- and hyperspectral data was evaluated; the main limitations and advantages were discussed. These new insights on the spectral behavior of Li-minerals and pegmatites may aid in new Li-pegmatite discoveries around the world.

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A geological and mineralogical review of clay mineral deposits and phyllosilicate ore guides in Central Europe – A function of geodynamics and climate change

Cited by 39 publications

References 217 publications

Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Systems

Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Systems

Trends and Composition—A Sedimentological-Chemical-Mineralogical Approach to Constrain the Origin of Quaternary Deposits and Landforms—From a Review to a Manual

Interpretation of the Reflectance Spectra of Lithium (Li) Minerals and Pegmatites: A Case Study for Mineralogical and Lithological Identification in the Fregeneda-Almendra Area

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