A giant tree stand in the West Carpathians—An exception or a relic of formerly widespread mountain European forests?

Holeksa, Jan; Saniga, Milan; Szwagrzyk, Jerzy; Czerniak, Magdalena; Staszynska, Katarzyna; Kapusta, Paweł

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.008

Cited by 66 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…2 Diameter distributions of dead trees in the three stands studied efficiency of space utilisation (about 1.5 higher in the conifers than in beech), the differences identified in stand basal area (between 36.1 and 38.4 m 2 /ha) seem surprisingly small. That is, instead of the expected association between increasing conifer partition and increasing stand volume (Korpel' 1993;Holeksa et al 2009), this Explanation: given random distribution, a value of 0 is expected. Values higher than 1 indicate a significant deviation towards aggregated patterns; values lower than -1 indicate a significant deviation towards regular patterns at the 0.05 significance level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…4 Empirical frequency distributions of the differentiation index (VAR h ) for the sample plots 0.015 ha in area and the fitted model (a, b). The empirical diameter distributions from these small plots were then used to simulate the frequency distributions of VAR h on plots of different areas (c, d) and to estimate the variation in VAR h dependent on plot area (e) Eur J Forest Res (2015) 134:235-246 243 National Park (Dziewolski 1991), Vyhorlatský prales reserve (Drössler 2006), Oszast reserve (Holeksa et al 2009), Gorce National Park (Przybylska et al 1995), and Salajka reserve (Vyskot 1968). Admittedly, some authors have reported higher stand volume levels between 550 and 850 m 3 /ha (see Holeksa et al 2009;Motta et al 2011), but these results were obtained in a wide range of geographic locations (Albania, Czech Republic, Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine), the measurements represented different sized areas, and both site conditions and the proportion of tree species in the stands differed substantially (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…von Oheimb et al 2005;Piovesan et al 2005;Westphal et al 2006;Alessandrini et al 2011), changes in species composition ), regeneration Roženbergar et al 2007), coarse woody debris (Christensen et al 2005), stand dynamics (Jaworski and Paluch 2002;Š ebková et al 2011), gap dynamics (Kenderes et al 2009), and reconstruction of natural disturbances (Splechtna et al 2005;Zeibig et al 2005;Nagel and Svoboda 2008;Firm et al 2009;Trotsiuk et al 2012). Only a handful of studies have profiled the spatial variability of the structural attributes in stand patches representative to steady-state conditions; that is, large enough to buffer the effects of natural disturbances and guarantee demographic equilibrium at an approximately constant biomass accumulation level (Dziewolski 1991;Holeksa et al 2009;Š ebková et al 2011). As a result, even the most basic characteristics of these stands, such as the range of variation in structural attributes or the minimal area for shifting mosaic steady-state conditions, remain a subject of discussion (Korpel' 1993;Emborg et al 2000;Piovesan et al 2005;Paluch 2007;Král et al 2010a, b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial variability of close-to-primeval Fagus–Abies–Picea forests in the Western Carpathians (Central Europe): a step towards a generalised pattern

et al. 2014

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The research objective was to provide a generalised model of spatial variation in the basal area of live and dead trees in primeval beech-fir-spruce forests in the Western Carpathians region. The study was carried out in three primeval stands located in the Polish part of the massif. In each research area, small sample plots (0.015 ha) were localised in a regular 20 9 20 m grid covering approximately 10 ha. In each sample plot, the diameters at breast height (d 1.3 ) and species of all live and dead trees were recorded. The spatial pattern was tested statistically using a variance-to-mean ratio on a single sample plot scale (0.015 ha) and a paired-plot approach for the distance range between 20 and 200 m. Simulation techniques were then used to model variation in the basal area of live and dead trees dependent on spatial scale. The spatial patterns of live and dead canopy trees (d 1.3 [ 50 cm) were regular when analysed on a single sample plot scale (0.015 ha) but most often random at distance lags C20 m. The spatial variability in the basal area of live and dead trees also tended to be random. These results suggest that the patchmosaic assumption is inapplicable to the primeval beechfir-spruce stands in the Western Carpathians. In all three stands studied, the basal area recorded on the plots 0.015 ha in area had a very similar pattern of variation, which could be generalised as either a truncated normal distribution (live trees) or a negative exponential distribution (dead trees). The bell-shaped frequency distribution of the basal area of live trees suggests a dynamics model in which extreme values of biomass accumulation are rare and disturbances frequent but quickly balanced by stand increment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial variability of close-to-primeval Fagus–Abies–Picea forests in the Western Carpathians (Central Europe): a step towards a generalised pattern

et al. 2014

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“…NNR Hrončecký Grúň, from the viewpoint of its reproductive characteristics and species composition, represents a unique ecosystem in European conditions. European ash, sycamore maple and wych elm reach there the top of their growth possibilities (Holeksa et al 2009). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such structure is typical for natural forests occurring on the very diverse bedrock from the point of view of lithological patterns. Site conditions make this natural forest stand out among others occurring in middle Europe (Holeksa et al 2009). …”

Section: Fig 4: Distribution Of Mingling Index (Dmi) Values (Left) Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal structure of natural forest: A structural index approach

Balanda

2012

Beskydy

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Balanda, M. 2012: Spatio-temporal structure of natural forest: A structural index approach. -Beskydy, 5 (2): 163-172The submitted paper deals with the analysis of stand structure of mixed species natural forest located in the Carpathians, Middle Europe. In order to evaluation of structural diversity we chose the combination of distance independent and nearestneighbor indices. Following structural indices were calculated: Shanon-Weaver index (S-W), diameter differentiation index (Td), Gigi coefficient (G), mingling index (DMi) and Clark Evans index (CEd). The permanent research plot with area of 2.5ha was established in National Naure Reserve Hrončecký grúň and subdivided into 25×25m subplots. The combination of mentioned indices was calculated for each subplot separately. Regarding the diameter heterogeneity, the most part of analyzed structures showed the moderate level of tree size differentiation (S-W value 0.393±0.074). The presence of high number of juvenile individuals which already reached the diameter category "above 2cm" did not significantly affect the diameter variation of investigated stand. On the other hand, a massive establishment of subsequent generation led to creation of spatial structure characteristic by high level of vertical differentiation (Gini coefficient 0.47 in the structure characterized as the breakdown with successive generation). High climax species richness was confirmed by calculated values of DMi index (maximum relative presence in the category from 0.3 to 0.4). Each tree was surrounded by two and more different species individuals. Analysis discovers the negative developmental shift in the DMi values towards to less differentiated structures. Regarding the horizontal distribution the analysis of CEd values indicated that investigated natural forest can reveal a random distribution of individuals regardless of developmental stage.

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Variability of moisture in coarse woody debris from several ecologically important tree species of the Temperate Zone of Europe

et al. 2011

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Deadwood moisture affects multiple functions of downed logs in forest ecosystems. They include provision of habitats for xylobionts, additional water stores and organic carbon stocks. In contrast to Northern American forests, little is known about moisture variability in downed logs of important tree species within the Temperate Zone of Europe. Therefore, our study aimed at elucidating this variability according to species, site and decay class (DC). Measurements were taken by TDR during two vegetation periods in eight Carpathian natural forests representing distinct site conditions, ranging from xerothermophilous to subalpine. Downed logs of Quercus spp., Abies alba Mill., Fagus sylvatica L., and Picea abies L., belonging to various DCs, were selected and instrumented with TDR probes. Species and DC‐specific TDR calibration showed the importance of intrinsic wood porosity. The course of deadwood moisture consisted of drying during the early decay stage, except for A. alba and F. sylvatica, and an intense water reabsorption at later decay stages. Average moisture for all species and sites displayed seasonal trends, reflecting the occurrence of precipitation clusters and dry periods, as well as short‐term fluctuations. Cross‐spectral analysis revealed that both sapwood and heartwood participated in wetting and drying processes, but only after reaching an advanced stage of decay. New findings can be applied in interpreting, modelling and predicting deadwood water stores, habitat properties and respiration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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A giant tree stand in the West Carpathians—An exception or a relic of formerly widespread mountain European forests?

Cited by 66 publications

References 15 publications

Spatial variability of close-to-primeval Fagus–Abies–Picea forests in the Western Carpathians (Central Europe): a step towards a generalised pattern

Spatial variability of close-to-primeval Fagus–Abies–Picea forests in the Western Carpathians (Central Europe): a step towards a generalised pattern

Spatio-temporal structure of natural forest: A structural index approach

Variability of moisture in coarse woody debris from several ecologically important tree species of the Temperate Zone of Europe

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