A global survey of the bacteria within earthworm nephridia

Davidson, Scott; Powell, Ryan J.; James, Samuel W.

doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.005

Cited by 32 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…The Verminephrobacter symbionts are species-specific and occur almost universally in lumbricid earthworms being consistently present in 28 out of 35 investigated species (Lund et al, 2010a; Davidson et al, 2013). In addition to the Verminephrobacter symbionts, most earthworms harbor a mixed population of nephridial bacteria predominantly belonging to a few groups; Flexibacter-affiliated bacteria are found in about half of the species and other more sporadically occurring bacterial types include; Ochrobactrum and the common soil bacteria Herbaspirillum, Azospirillum, Microbacteriaceae sp., and Variovorax (Davidson et al, 2013). Only eight of the 35 investigated lumbricid earthworm species are exclusively colonized by Verminephrobacter (Lund et al, 2010a; Davidson et al, 2013).…”

Section: Earthworm Nephridial Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the Verminephrobacter symbionts, most earthworms harbor a mixed population of nephridial bacteria predominantly belonging to a few groups; Flexibacter-affiliated bacteria are found in about half of the species and other more sporadically occurring bacterial types include; Ochrobactrum and the common soil bacteria Herbaspirillum, Azospirillum, Microbacteriaceae sp., and Variovorax (Davidson et al, 2013). Only eight of the 35 investigated lumbricid earthworm species are exclusively colonized by Verminephrobacter (Lund et al, 2010a; Davidson et al, 2013). When Verminephrobacter is present in a mixed nephridial community they have been observed to form a biofilm attached to the lumen wall, whereas the other bacteria occupy the lumen (Davidson et al, 2010; Lund, unpublished).…”

Section: Earthworm Nephridial Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When Verminephrobacter is present in a mixed nephridial community they have been observed to form a biofilm attached to the lumen wall, whereas the other bacteria occupy the lumen (Davidson et al, 2010; Lund, unpublished). Other earthworm families (nine out of 11 investigated) within the Crassiclitellata also harbor diverse (non- Verminephrobacter ) bacteria in their nephridia (Davidson et al, 2013) as do leeches, a sister group of oligochaetes (Wenning et al, 1993; Graf et al, 2006; Kikuchi et al, 2009). The significance of these nephridial bacteria is unknown.…”

Section: Earthworm Nephridial Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Co-diversification was also detected between 23 earthworms species and their Verminephrobacter symbionts (Lund et al, 2010a), albeit only clearly resolvable in four clades, due to poor resolution of host phylogeny. Therefore, the symbiosis likely originate in the last common ancestor of Lumbricid earthworms (62–136 million years ago Bouché, 1983; Lund et al, 2010a; Davidson et al, 2013). One study of Lumbricus terrestris and its Verminephrobacter symbionts concluded that the partners do not co-disperse, and thus cannot co-diversify (Bakke et al, 2011).…”

Section: Evolution Of Verminephrobacter Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The earthwormâ€”Verminephrobacter symbiosis: an emerging experimental system to study extracellular symbiosis

Lund¹,

Kjeldsen²,

Schramm³

2014

Front. Microbiol.

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Almost all Lumbricid earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) harbor extracellular species-specific bacterial symbionts of the genus Verminephrobacter (Betaproteobacteria) in their nephridia. The symbionts have a beneficial effect on host reproduction and likely live on their host's waste products. They are vertically transmitted and presumably associated with earthworms already at the origin of Lumbricidae 62–136 million years ago. The Verminephrobacter genomes carry signs of bottleneck-induced genetic drift, such as accelerated evolutionary rates, low codon usage bias, and extensive genome shuffling, which are characteristic of vertically transmitted intracellular symbionts. However, the Verminephrobacter genomes lack AT bias, size reduction, and pseudogenization, which are also common genomic hallmarks of vertically transmitted, intracellular symbionts. We propose that the opportunity for genetic mixing during part of the host—symbiont life cycle is the key to evade drift-induced genome erosion. Furthermore, we suggest the earthworm-Verminephrobacter association as a new experimental system for investigating host-microbe interactions, and especially for understanding genome evolution of vertically transmitted symbionts in the presence of genetic mixing.

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Section: Earthworm Nephridial Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Earthworm Nephridial Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Earthworm Nephridial Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evolution Of Verminephrobacter Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The earthwormâ€”Verminephrobacter symbiosis: an emerging experimental system to study extracellular symbiosis

Lund¹,

Kjeldsen²,

Schramm³

2014

Front. Microbiol.

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“…These results were consistent with previous studies reporting the isolation of Leifsonia sp. from whole earthworm flora [14,15]. Fig.…”

Section: Bacteria Isolation and Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and characterization of bacterial cellulose by Leifsonia sp. CBNU-EW3 isolated from the earthworm, Eisenia fetida

Velmurugan

Myung

Govarthanan

et al. 2015

Biotechnol Bioproc E

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A total of five bacterial strains were isolated from earthworm, Eisenia fetida and examined for bacterial cellulose (BC) production in Hestrin-Schramm medium (HS). Among the five strains tested, CBNU-EW3 exhibited excellent BC production and was identified as Leifsonia sp. by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. BC production by Leifsonia sp. CBNU-EW3 was optimum at pH 5, 30°C, and with glucose and yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, according to 15 day-long experiments.(XRD) analysis of the dried pellicle indicated that the BC was partially crystalline type I. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis showed that the obtained pellicle contained the same functional groups as typical BC. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images showed that the BC micro-fibril matrix consisted of a flat surface with large pore size and cellulose aggregation.

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Accumulation, speciation and localization of silver nanoparticles in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Courtois¹,

Rorat²,

Lemière³

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in agriculture and many consumer products has led to significant release of Ag in the environment. Although Ag toxicity in terrestrial organisms has been studied extensively, very little is known about the accumulation capacity and coping mechanisms of organisms in Agcontaminated soil. In this context, we exposed Eisenia fetida earthworms to artificial OECD soil spiked with a range of concentrations of Ag (AgNPs or AgNO 3 ). The main aims were to (1) identify the location and form of accumulation of Ag in the exposed earthworms and (2) better understand the physiological mechanisms involved in Ag detoxification. The results showed that similar doses of AgNPs or AgNO 3 did not have the same effect on E. fetida survival. The two forms of Ag added to soil exhibited substantial differences in speciation at the end of exposure, but the Ag speciation and content of Ag in earthworms were similar, suggesting that biotransformation of Ag occurred. Finally, 3D images of intact earthworms obtained by X-ray micro-computed tomography revealed that Ag accumulated preferentially in the chloragogen tissue, coelomocytes and nephridial epithelium.Thus, E. fetida bioaccumulates Ag, but a regulation mechanism limit its impact in a very efficient manner. The location of Ag in the organism, the competition between Ag and Cu, and the speciation of internal Ag suggest a link between Ag and the thiol-rich proteins that are widely present in these tissues, most probably metallothioneins, which are key proteins in the sequestration and detoxification of metals.

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A global survey of the bacteria within earthworm nephridia

Cited by 32 publications

References 32 publications

The earthwormâ€”Verminephrobacter symbiosis: an emerging experimental system to study extracellular symbiosis

The earthwormâ€”Verminephrobacter symbiosis: an emerging experimental system to study extracellular symbiosis

Production and characterization of bacterial cellulose by Leifsonia sp. CBNU-EW3 isolated from the earthworm, Eisenia fetida

Accumulation, speciation and localization of silver nanoparticles in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

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