“…213 The design of a new high brilliance VUV and soft X-ray source for the University of Tokyo was described 214 and a grazing incidence re¯ectometer for an undulator beamline at Spring-8 intended for TXRF experiments, for example, was presented. 215 Optical components for focusing X-rays were described by Snigirev et al, 216,217 who used compound refractive lenses (of Al, B, Be and C) for sub-micrometre focusing for energies higher than 5 keV at ESRF. A tuneable bent Laue monochromator, where the ®rst crystal was plane and the second one was bent and its angle kept constant to make the device stable against vibrations, was used at NSLS.…”