“…On the other hand, this mechanism has a crucial disadvantage in optimizing some real-world problems, i.e ., the algorithm converges rapidly but to a locally optimal solution. To overcome these drawbacks in the GWO, the G-NHGWO algorithm ( Akbari, Rahimnejad & Gadsden, 2021 ), the best personal optimal solution for the -th grey wolf, has been established and stored, like in the PSO algorithm. Then, three members, , , and , with individual best positions, respectively , , and , are selected randomly and utilized to lead the population to update the new positions as Eqs.…”