A Growth Promoting Factor for Chicks in the Feces of Hens

Effect of a Vitamin B12 Concentrate and Liver Meal on Growth and Feed Efficiency of Chicks Fed an All-Plant Protein Ration

“…Rubin et al (1946) obtained the same growth response in chicks by feeding a ration containing 5 percent urine-free hen feces as they did when a 5 percent cow manure ration was fed. The investigators concluded that the growth-promoting factor for chicks was synthesized either in the lower digestive tract or in the voided feces.…”

The Effect of Management on the Vitamin B12 Content of Poultry House Litter

“…Rubin, Bird and Rothchild (1946) observed that the "animal protein factor" was present in hen feces, and McGinnis et al (1947) that incubating hen feces for 72 hours at 30°C. stimulated further synthesis of the factor as determined by chick growth tests.…”

Microbiological Analysis of Poultry Anaphage

“…The metabolizable energy value of poultry anaphage (dehydrated cage layer excreta) was determined in 1971, and found poultry anaphage has useful value when included in the feed (Polin et ai, 1971). Many researchers have used anaphage as an ingredient in the poultry feed for broiler and laying hens and have shown favorable results (Rubin et al, 1946;Elam et ai, 1954;Wehunt et ai, 1960;Camp, 1967;Zindel and Flegal, 1969;Flegal and Zindel, 1970a, b, c;Flegal et ai, 1970;York et al, 1970;Flegal and Dorn, 1970;Zindel, 1972). However, the FDA requires information from tests for microbial and fungal toxins, pathogenic organisms and parasites in the finished waste product (Taylor et ai, 1973).…”