A guide for differentiating mammalian carnivore taxa responsible for gnaw damage to herbivore limb bones

Haynes, Gary

doi:10.1017/s0094837300007545

Cited by 430 publications

(318 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…scavengers. Other possible explanations for the limited evidence of carnivore gnawing are a predominance of winter kills and/or high prey abundance (Haynes, 1982(Haynes, , 1983; however, these alternatives seem unlikely because in the region today caribou carcasses are converted into broad scatters of gnawed and shattered bones within several years of death. Some of these bones may persist for decades on the ground surface, but they persist as gnawed fragments, and this is not the condition of the majority of Pleistocene bones we find.…”

Section: Taphonomic Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice-age megafauna in Arctic Alaska: extinction, invasion, survival

Mann

Groves

Kunz

et al. 2013

Quaternary Science Reviews

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Groves, Pamela; Kunz, Michael L.; Reanier, Richard E.; and Gaglioti, Benjamin V., "Ice-age megafauna in Arctic Alaska: extinction, invasion, survival" (2013 a b s t r a c tRadical restructuring of the terrestrial, large mammal fauna living in arctic Alaska occurred between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. Steppe bison, horse, and woolly mammoth became extinct, moose and humans invaded, while muskox and caribou persisted. The ice age megafauna was more diverse in species and possibly contained 6Â more individual animals than live in the region today. Megafaunal biomass during the last ice age may have been 30Â greater than present. Horse was the dominant species in terms of number of individuals. Lions, short-faced bears, wolves, and possibly grizzly bears comprised the predator/scavenger guild. The youngest mammoth so far discovered lived ca 13,800 years ago, while horses and bison persisted on the North Slope until at least 12,500 years ago during the Younger Dryas cold interval. The first people arrived on the North Slope ca 13,500 years ago. Bone-isotope measurements and foot-loading characteristics suggest megafaunal niches were segregated along a moisture gradient, with the surviving species (muskox and caribou) utilizing the warmer and moister portions of the vegetation mosaic. As the ice age ended, the moisture gradient shifted and eliminated habitats utilized by the dryland, grazing species (bison, horse, mammoth). The proximate cause for this change was regional paludification, the spread of organic soil horizons and peat. End-Pleistocene extinctions in arctic Alaska represent local, not global extinctions since the megafaunal species lost there persisted to later times elsewhere. Hunting seems unlikely as the cause of these extinctions, but it cannot be ruled out as the final blow to megafaunal populations that were already functionally extinct by the time humans arrived in the region.

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Section: Taphonomic Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice-age megafauna in Arctic Alaska: extinction, invasion, survival

Mann

Groves

Kunz

et al. 2013

Quaternary Science Reviews

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“…Various types of marks produced by carnivore teeth have been differentiated (pits, punctures, grooves, furrowing, crenulated edges and impact points), following the definitions by Haynes (1980Haynes ( , 1983, Binford (1981) and Sala (2012). The measurements were taken with electronic digital calipers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

Sauqué

Rabal‐Garcés

Madurell-Malaperia

et al. 2017

Palaeontologia Electronica

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A new Pleistocene paleontological site, Los Aprendices, located in the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula in the area of the Moncayo (Zaragoza) is presented. The layer with fossil remains has been dated by amino acid racemization to 143.8 ± 38.9 ka (earliest Late Pleistocene or latest Middle Pleistocene). Five mammal species have been identified in the assemblage: Crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) Capra pyrenaica (Schinz, 1838), Lagomorpha indet, Arvicolidae indet and Galemys pyrenaicus (Geoffroy, 1811). The remains of C. spelaea represent a mostly complete skeleton in anatomical semi-connection. The hyena specimen represents the most complete skeleton ever recovered in Iberia and one of the most complete remains in Europe. It has been compared anatomically and biometrically with both European cave hyenas and extant spotted hyenas. In addition, a taphonomic study has been carried out in order to understand the origin and preservation of these exceptional remains. The results suggest rapid burial with few scavenging modifications putatively produced by a medium sized carnivore. A review of the Pleistocene Iberian record of Crocuta spp. has been carried out, enabling us to establish one of the earliest records of C. spelaea in the recently discovered Los Aprendices cave, and also showing that the most extensive geographical distribution of this species occurred during the Late Pleistocene (MIS4-2).

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“…The minimum number counts were based on summing the percentage of each anatomical landmark present for each individual element. The presence/absence of cut mark, percussion mark, tooth mark, tooth scoring, burning, abrasion/ trampling, rodent gnawing, and root etching data were recorded, in addition to the weathering stage of the bone surface and the bone surface condition (Behrensmeyer, 1978;Brain, 1981;Shipman, 1981;Haynes, 1983Haynes, , 1991Johnson, 1985;Davis, 1987;Blumenschine and Selvaggio, 1988;Potts, 1988;Lyman and Fox, 1989;Andrews, 1990;Capaldo and Blumenschine, 1994;Lyman, 1994a;Fisher, 1995;Capaldo, 1997;Reitz and Wing, 1999). Identifications of the bone surface marks were made using a 16 × hand lens.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinguishing archeological and paleontological faunal collections from Pleistocene Japan: taphonomic perspectives from Hanaizumi

Norton

Hasegawa

Kohno

et al. 2007

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The application of modern methodological taphonomic approaches to Pleistocene faunal assemblages that were excavated and interpreted before taphonomic analyses became common are critical to verifying whether the original interpretations are valid. Even though taphonomic research is common in North America, Africa, and Europe, few such studies of faunal collections have been carried out in East Asia. In this regard, taphonomic analysis of the faunal assemblage from Hanaizumi, Japan serves as an excellent case study because few taphonomic re-analyses of previously excavated Pleistocene assemblages have been performed in Japan. Hanaizumi was excavated in the 1950s and the original behavioral interpretation was that hunter-gatherers were responsible for the accumulation of the faunal assemblage, which is dominated by bison (Bison priscus). The taphonomic analysis presented here indicates that evidence of human modification is present on the bones. However, results suggest that even though hunter-gatherers may have had primary access to many of the bison in the assemblage, Hanaizumi was probably not a kill site or a hunter-gatherer home base as was originally proposed. Rather, the acquisition of bison may have taken place further up river and Hanaizumi is the locality to which the already processed carcasses were transported via fluvial movement. Accordingly, it is difficult to use the Hanaizumi faunal dataset to address current paleoanthropological debates. Future fieldwork at the site may indicate that hunter-gatherers played a more significant role in the formation of the bison bone assemblage. For now, Hanaizumi is best considered an allochthonous paleontological collection that has assisted in paleoenvironmental reconstructions of Late Pleistocene Japan.

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A guide for differentiating mammalian carnivore taxa responsible for gnaw damage to herbivore limb bones

Cited by 430 publications

References 5 publications

Ice-age megafauna in Arctic Alaska: extinction, invasion, survival

Ice-age megafauna in Arctic Alaska: extinction, invasion, survival

Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

Distinguishing archeological and paleontological faunal collections from Pleistocene Japan: taphonomic perspectives from Hanaizumi

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