A Guide to Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas

Background and Objectives. Recurrence and metastasis are the most important factors influencing the survival rate of patients with paragangliomas (PGLs). Accurate preoperative prediction of the risk factors and developing a reasonable therapy strategy can reduce the recurrence rate. Computed tomography (CT) is regarded as the preferred imaging modality for the initial evaluation of PGLs. However, only a few studies have investigated the relationship between CT features and the invasiveness of PGLs. Therefore, we investigated the prognostic importance of CT features for PGLs. Methods. We studied 51 abdominal PGL patients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Tongde Hospital, and Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, from June 2009 to May 2019. Thereafter, the clinical research data, tumor biomarkers, and CT features were compared between the aggressive PGLs and the nonaggressive PGLs using independent-samples t-tests and chi-square tests. Results. Of the 51 cases, 43 were benign and 8 had malignant tendencies. Postoperative recurrence and metastasis were more likely to occur when the tumor diameter was >8 cm or/and the enhancement degree was not obvious. Clinical symptoms, tumor markers, sex, age, and CT image characteristics including morphology, presence of cystic degeneration, “pointed peach” sign, calcification, hemorrhage, enlarged lymph nodes, and peritumor and intratumor blood vessels were not significantly different between the two groups p > 0.05 . Conclusion. Our findings suggest that CT features, including size >8 cm and enhancement degree, could provide important evidence to assess risk factors for aggressive PGLs.

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“…PGLs have a higher frequency of metastasis than PCC. Retroperitoneal PGLs are more aggressive, metastasizing in up to 42% of cases [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of Computed Tomography Imaging Features and Predictive Factors for Postoperative Recurrence and Metastasis of Abdominal Paragangliomas

Dai

Xie

et al. 2022

Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging

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“…In the other hand, the revised WHO classification no longer distinguishes benign or malignant tumors and that they all should be considered to contain some malignant potential which will only be revealed through metastasis [ 11 ] but the PASS predicted benign pheochromocytoma with a score < 4 and suggested a close follow up when PASS score’s exceeds 4 [ 12 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of a 09 cm pheochromocytoma mistaken to be an intramesenteric pancreatic tumor: Case report complying with the scare guidelines

Zahrarahou

Miry

Mirali

et al. 2021

International Journal of Surgery Case Reports

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Highlights Pheochromocytoma’s case reports keep showing its diversity in clinical presentation, diagnosis methods treatment and follow up challenges. The diagnosis is basically simple by biomarkers testing, an imaging and challenging when biologically the tumor is silent. Functional imaging should be used to locate the tumor or its metastasis. Preoperative measures should be taken so no major preoperative complications and the main treatment is the tumor complete resection. The malignancy of the pheochromocytoma is not easy to be identified which imposes a lifetime follow up of these patients as metastasis were described even after 40 years after diagnosis.

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“…FNA of pheochromocytoma, when clinically suspected, is generally avoided due to adverse effects. Both pheochromocytoma and its extra adrenal counterpart paraganglioma are composed of cells that show positivity for neuroendocrine markers; however, they are negative for keratin 242 …”

Section: Immunocytochemistry For Genitourinary System and The Adrenal Gland Cytologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunocytochemistry for diagnostic cytopathology—A practical guide

2021

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Cytological specimens, which are obtained by minimally invasive methods, are an excellent source of diagnostic material. Sometimes they are the only material available for diagnosis as well as for prognostic/predictive markers. When cytomorphology is not straightforward, ancillary tests may be required for a definitive diagnosis to guide clinical management. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is the most common and practical ancillary tool used to reach a diagnosis when cytomorphology is equivocal, to differentiate entities with overlapping morphological features, and to determine the cell lineage and the site of origin of a metastatic neoplasm. Numerous immunomarkers are available, and some are expressed in multiple neoplasms. To rule out entities within a differential diagnosis, the use of more than one marker, sometimes panels, is necessary. ICC panels for diagnostic purposes should be customised based on the clinical context and cytomorphology, and the markers should be used judiciously to preserve material for additional tests for targeted therapies in the appropriate setting. This review offers a practical guide for the use of ICC for diagnostic cytopathology, covering the most commonly encountered non‐hematolymphoid diagnostic scenarios in various body sites.

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A Guide to Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas

Cited by 28 publications

References 85 publications

An Analysis of Computed Tomography Imaging Features and Predictive Factors for Postoperative Recurrence and Metastasis of Abdominal Paragangliomas

An Analysis of Computed Tomography Imaging Features and Predictive Factors for Postoperative Recurrence and Metastasis of Abdominal Paragangliomas

Diagnosis of a 09 cm pheochromocytoma mistaken to be an intramesenteric pancreatic tumor: Case report complying with the scare guidelines

Immunocytochemistry for diagnostic cytopathology—A practical guide

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A Guide to Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas

Cited by 28 publications

References 85 publications

An Analysis of Computed Tomography Imaging Features and Predictive Factors for Postoperative Recurrence and Metastasis of Abdominal Paragangliomas

An Analysis of Computed Tomography Imaging Features and Predictive Factors for Postoperative Recurrence and Metastasis of Abdominal Paragangliomas

Diagnosis of a 09 cm pheochromocytoma mistaken to be an intramesenteric pancreatic tumor: Case report complying with the scare guidelines

Immunocytochemistry for diagnostic cytopathology—A practical guide

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Diagnosis of a 09 cm pheochromocytoma mistaken to be an intramesenteric pancreatic tumor: Case report complying with the scare guidelines