A hierarchical knowledge-based classification for glacier terrain mapping: a case study from Kolahoi Glacier, Kashmir Himalaya

Shukla, Anurag; Ali, Iram

doi:10.3189/2016aog71a046

Cited by 50 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Kolahoi Glacier spread over 10.5 km 2 is considered to be a single glacier [47,[67][68][69]; however, a recent study [51] suggested that the glacier has two parts draining into two watersheds, Lidder and Sindh, of the larger Jhelum basin. The Randolph Glacier Inventory (https://www.glims.org/RGI/), on the other hand, indicates that the glacier has five parts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking the Recent Glacier Retreat and Depleting Streamflow Patterns with Land System Changes in Kashmir Himalaya, India

Rashid

Majeed

Aneaus

et al. 2020

Water

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This study reports the changes in glacier extent and streamflow similar to many Himalayan studies, but takes the unusual step of also linking these to downstream land use changes in Kashmir Valley. This study assessed changes in the area, snout, and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of four parts of the Kolahoi Glacier using earth observation data from 1962 to 2018. Changes in the discharge of the two streams flowing out from Kolahoi Glacier into the Jhelum basin were also assessed between 1972 and 2018. Additionally, satellite data was used to track the downstream land system changes concerning agriculture, orchards, and built-up areas between 1980 and 2018. This analysis suggested a cumulative deglaciation of 23.6% at a rate of 0.42% per year from 1962 to 2018. The snout of two larger glaciers, G1 and G2, retreated at a rate of 18.3 m a −1 and 16.4 m a −1 , respectively, from 1962 to 2018, although the rate of recession accelerated after 2000. Our analysis also suggested the upward shift of ELA by ≈120 m. The streamflows measured at five sites showed statistically significant depleting trends that have been a factor in forcing extensive land system changes downstream. Although the area under agriculture in Lidder watershed shrunk by 39%, there was a massive expansion of 176% and 476% in orchards and built-up areas, respectively, from 1980 to 2018. The conversion of irrigation-intensive agriculture lands (rice paddy) to less water-intensive orchards is attributed to economic considerations and depleting streamflow.Water 2020, 12, 1168 2 of 18 to decrease in the streamflows in the Himalayan Rivers [7,[27][28][29], which could affect water availability downstream [30]. Studies suggest that the glacier recession in the Kashmir valley has already resulted in the depleted streamflows downstream [31,32]. The land system changes in the region [33][34][35][36] have been linked to depleting streamflows, economic considerations, and unplanned land transformation.The use of remote sensing data for quantifying land system changes over the Kashmir region has been widely documented [37][38][39][40]. At the same time, there is substantial scientific literature detailing the glacier retreat prevalent over the region. A recent study indicated that the glaciers in the Ladakh region are retreating at 0.55% a −1 [41], whereas another study [42] reported few stable and advancing glaciers in the Zanskar region of Jammu and Kashmir. Similar retreat estimates have been put forth for the Zanskar region for the glacier area changes carried between 1989 and 2007 [43]. However, very conservative area changes (0.16% a −1 ) have been reported for the neighboring Suru basin [44] for the glacier area changes assessed for the 1977-2017 period. In another study carried out in the Lidder watershed of the Jhelum basin, the glaciers were reported to be shrinking at 0.51% a −1 [17]. Glacier mass change over the western Himalayas has accelerated from 0.33 to 0.5 m w.e. (water equivalent) per year between 1970-2000 and 2000-2010, respectively [45]. Ther...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking the Recent Glacier Retreat and Depleting Streamflow Patterns with Land System Changes in Kashmir Himalaya, India

Rashid

Majeed

Aneaus

et al. 2020

Water

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“…Bhardwaj et al (2015) demonstrated Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager sensor-based method for automated mapping of glacier facies and supraglacial debris. Shukla and Ali (2016) developed a hierarchical knowledge-based classification algorithm for glacier mapping with particular emphasis on supraglacial debris (SGD), periglacial debris (PGD) and valley rock due to their spectral similarity. Some research works related to pixel-based method with salient characteristics are compiled in Table 1.…”

Section: Delineation Of Glaciers Using Pixel-based Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the glacier mapping, several factors affect its accuracy i.e. DEM, shadow on glacier, supraglacial debris (SGD), periglacial debris (PGD (Shukla and Ali, 2016). Several studies suggest their limitation to delineate small glacier due to the low resolution of DEM.…”

Section: Parameters Affecting Delineation Of Debris Covered Glaciermentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual Framework of Combined Pixel and Object-Based Method for Delineation of Debris-Covered Glaciers

Sahu

Gupta

2018

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Delineation of the glacier is an important task for understanding response of glaciers to climate. In Himalayan region, most of the glaciers are covered with debris. Supraglacial debris works as an obstacle for automatic mapping of glacier using remote sensing data. Different methods have been used to reduce this difficulty based on pixel-based and object-based approaches using optical data, thermal data and DEM. Pixel-based glacier mapping is a traditional method for delineation of the glacier but the object-based method has emerged as a new approach in cryosphere application leading to its successful application in different applications. All pixel-based methods require some degree of manual correction because these can’t be delineated automatically, especially in shadow area and debris covered part of the glacier. In the majority of studies, the object-based method has provided higher accuracy to delineate the debris-covered glacier. Spatially high spatial resolution satellite data is best suited for object-based image classification. In future, a combination of pixel-based method and object-based method can be attempted for delineation of the debris-covered glacier along with its critical analysis for suitability. The present paper critically reviews pixel-based and object-based methods as well as provides a framework for combined pixel and object-based method for delineation of debris-covered glacier.</p>

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“…The debris cover also restricts the applicability of remote sensing methods to map glacier terminus using satellite images . However, there are several studies which have successfully mapped glacial features in glacierized catchments with debris cover . Freely available remotely sensed data have recently been used to develop algorithms for mapping features, , and dynamics of debris‐covered glaciers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing climate and glacio‐hydrology in Indian Himalayan Region: a review

Singh

Kumar

Bhardwaj

et al. 2016

WIREs Climate Change

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This study presents a comprehensive review of the published literature on the evidences of a changing climate in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) and its impacts on the glacio-hydrology of the region. The IHR serves as an important source of fresh water for the densely populated areas downstream. It is evident from the available studies that temperature is significantly increasing in all parts of the IHR, whereas precipitation is not indicative of any particular spatiotemporal trend. Glacio-hydrological proxies for changing climate, such as, terminus and areal changes of the glaciers, glacier mass balance, and streamflow in downstream areas, highlight changes more evidently in recent decades. On an average, studies have predicted an increase in temperature and precipitation in the region, along with increase in streamflow of major rivers. Such trends are already apparent in some sub-basins of the western IHR. The region is particularly vulnerable to changing climate as it is highly dependent on snow and glacier melt run-off to meet its freshwater demands. We present a systematic review of key papers dealing with changing temperature, precipitation, glaciers, and streamflow in the IHR. We discuss these interdisciplinary themes in relation to each other, in order to establish the present and future impacts of climatic, glaciological, and hydrological changes in the region.

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A hierarchical knowledge-based classification for glacier terrain mapping: a case study from Kolahoi Glacier, Kashmir Himalaya

Cited by 50 publications

References 36 publications

Linking the Recent Glacier Retreat and Depleting Streamflow Patterns with Land System Changes in Kashmir Himalaya, India

Linking the Recent Glacier Retreat and Depleting Streamflow Patterns with Land System Changes in Kashmir Himalaya, India

Conceptual Framework of Combined Pixel and Object-Based Method for Delineation of Debris-Covered Glaciers

Changing climate and glacio‐hydrology in Indian Himalayan Region: a review

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