A High-Frequency Pulsating DC-Link for Electric Vehicle Drives with Reduced Losses

Li, Zhongxi; Yang, Aobo; Chen, Gerry; Zeng, Zhiyong; Peterchev, Angel V.; Goetz, Stefan M.

doi:10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589040

“…However, due to a higher complexity, typically more semiconductor devices, and larger size, multilevel converters to date practically do not play a role in automotive applications. Dynamically reconfigurable batteries, which exist for variable DC supply, with direct multiphase AC output, and also multiple outputs share large similarities with multilevel converters and may in the future but offer limited maturity yet [21]- [26].…”

Section: Output Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Line Multistep Predictive Spectral Control of the Distortion in Switched-Mode Converters

Korte¹,

Luetje

²

,

Tashakor

³

et al. 2022

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In automotive power electronics, distortion and electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by the switching action of power semiconductors can be a significant challenge for the design of a compact, lightweight vehicle. As semiconductor switching frequencies increase, e.g., through the introduction of new materials, such as gallium nitride and silicon carbide, this problem becomes more severe. We present a control scheme for an automotive dc-to-dc converter that reduces the EMI generated by shaping switching distortion predictively at the run time. The multistep model-predictive control scheme chooses the subsequent switching state that optimizes the output spectrum according to predefined criteria. To achieve real-time operation, it evaluates the possible switching state candidates for the next modulation step without explicitly solving a single Fourier transform. In addition, the switching rate and voltage ripple are controlled in a single unified control law. We present and experimentally validate that the control scheme can indeed run at real time already with currently available mid-range hardware. The results demonstrate that the largest spectral peak of the switching distortion can be decreased by 48 dB compared to conventional pulse-width modulation. Furthermore, spectral gaps can be implemented in the output distortion and altered in realtime, allowing certain frequency bands-e.g., bands used by other sensitive electronics such as sensors, communication busses, or tuners-to be kept free of EMI from the converter's switching actions.

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“…However, due to a higher complexity, typically more semiconductor devices, and larger size, multilevel converters to date practically do not play a role in automotive applications. Dynamically reconfigurable batteries, which exist for variable DC supply, with direct multiphase AC output, and also multiple outputs share large similarities with multilevel converters and may in the future but offer limited maturity yet [20]- [25].…”

Section: Output Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchronous Multistep Predictive Spectral Control of the Switching Distortion in DC--DC Converters

Korte¹,

Luetje²,

Goetz³

2022

Preprint

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In automotive power electronics, distortion and electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by the switching action of power semiconductors can be a significant challenge for the design of a compact, lightweight vehicle. As semiconductor switching frequencies increase, e.g., through the introduction of new materials, such as gallium nitride and silicon carbide, this problem becomes more severe. We present a control scheme for an automotive dc-to-dc converter that reduces the EMI generated by shaping switching distortion predictively at the run time. The multistep model-predictive control scheme chooses the subsequent switching state that optimizes the output spectrum according to predefined criteria. To achieve real-time operation, it evaluates the possible switching state candidates for the next modulation step without explicitly solving a single Fourier transform. In addition, the switching rate and voltage ripple are controlled in a single unified control law. We present and experimentally validate that the control scheme can indeed run at real time already with currently available mid-range hardware. The results demonstrate that the largest spectral peak of the switching distortion can be decreased by 48 dB compared to conventional pulse-width modulation. Furthermore, spectral gaps can be implemented in the output distortion and altered in realtime, allowing certain frequency bands-e.g., bands used by other sensitive electronics such as sensors, communication busses, or tuners-to be kept free of EMI from the converter's switching actions.

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“…The ac side of the inverter supplies the grid or an electric motor with ac current, whereas the dc link of the inverter loads the battery [2]. For three-phase output, the dc-link load typically contains a dc component with the 6 th harmonic as well as further multiples of the ac frequency [3]. In addition, the spectrum includes the switching frequency of the inverter and its harmonics.…”

Section: A Reconfigurable Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bandwidth-Increased Ripple-Mitigating Scheduling Algorithm for Dynamically Reconfigurable Batteries

Kacetl

¹

,

Kacetl

²

,

Tashakor

³

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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5

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Modular cascaded circuits offer attractive qualities in reconfigurable battery applications, including improved fault tolerance and flexibility. In contrast to conventional hard-wired dc battery packs, however, cascaded topologies, such as modular multilevel circuits (MMC) with serial or serial and parallel connectivity, load modules with substantial low-frequency current ripple, which generates additional loss and can accelerate battery aging. Recent studies reveal that low-frequency ripple can cause noticeable battery aging, whereas high frequencies are insignificant, presumably mainly as they can be absorbed by the dielectric electrode capacitance, and reduce heating associated with lower high-frequency battery impedance. Previous MMC-battery control methods solely focus on state-of-charge and thermal balancing of individual modules, while the few existing methods for suppressing ripple tend to form low-frequency patterns in the modules' load, which increase battery cycling as well as loss. This paper presents a rippleoriented high-bandwidth control technique that minimizes low-frequency components in the module load spectrum and improves battery treatment, while maintaining the average switching frequency. The control method takes limitations related to module data acquisition into account and enhances the feedback bandwidth using observers. It works with a wide range of topologies including modules with series connectivity only as well as series/parallel. The measurements in the laboratory verify the shift of the module load from the 10 -100 Hz range to ~5 kHz and a reduction of battery losses by up to 20 %.INDEX TERMS Modular battery, modular multilevel converter, cascaded bridge converter, reconfigurable battery, battery ageing model, ripple suppression, influence of ripple current, second harmonic, scheduling, battery energy storage systems (BESS), electric vehicle drive trains.

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A High-Frequency Pulsating DC-Link for Electric Vehicle Drives with Reduced Losses

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

On-Line Multistep Predictive Spectral Control of the Distortion in Switched-Mode Converters

On-Line Multistep Predictive Spectral Control of the Distortion in Switched-Mode Converters

Synchronous Multistep Predictive Spectral Control of the Switching Distortion in DC--DC Converters

Bandwidth-Increased Ripple-Mitigating Scheduling Algorithm for Dynamically Reconfigurable Batteries

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