A high-performance protocol for extraction of microplastics in fish

Karami, Ali; Golieskardi, Abolfazl; Choo, Cheng Keong; Romano, Nicholas; Ho, Yu Bin; Salamatinia, Babak

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.213

Cited by 546 publications

(336 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Therefore, dilutions with deionized water, followed by filtration through a membrane with a larger pore size (149 μm), was the simplest and quickest method to isolate MPs from the salt samples. Our recent study demonstrated a high efficcincy of 4.4 M NaI solution to separate (recovery rate >95%) plastic polymers from high-density particles like shell fragments from bivalves and sand grains3. To minimize the chance of overestimating or underestimating MP prevalence in the salt samples, in addition to NaI extraction, we implemented microscopical examination and Raman spectroscopy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an attempt to employ a solvent to dissolve the salt particles or efficiently digest the organic materials, we compared digestion using a KOH solution3 with appropriate dilutions with deionized water. A 20 g sample of sea salt from sample # Australia-A was placed into a 250 mL DURAN glass bottle (Schott, Germany) sealed with a premium cap and pouring ring (Schott, Germany), and then 200 mL KOH solution or deionized water were added (1:10 w/v).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mismanaged plastic waste could find their ways to oceans2. Meanwhile, continuous fragmentation of large plastic objects has resulted in the accumulation of smaller particles called microplastics (MPs, sized between 1 and 1000 μm34). Also, MPs may be directly introduced to the aquatic environments through their primary sources (e.g., synthetic sandblasting media, cosmetic formulations, textiles)567.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries

Karami

Golieskardi

Choo

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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391

263

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The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in saltwater bodies is relatively well studied, but nothing is known about their presence in most of the commercial salts that are widely consumed by humans across the globe. Here, we extracted MP-like particles larger than 149 μm from 17 salt brands originating from 8 different countries followed by the identification of their polymer composition using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Microplastics were absent in one brand while others contained between 1 to 10 MPs/Kg of salt. Out of the 72 extracted particles, 41.6% were plastic polymers, 23.6% were pigments, 5.50% were amorphous carbon, and 29.1% remained unidentified. The particle size (mean ± SD) was 515 ± 171 μm. The most common plastic polymers were polypropylene (40.0%) and polyethylene (33.3%). Fragments were the primary form of MPs (63.8%) followed by filaments (25.6%) and films (10.6%). According to our results, the low level of anthropogenic particles intake from the salts (maximum 37 particles per individual per annum) warrants negligible health impacts. However, to better understand the health risks associated with salt consumption, further development in extraction protocols are needed to isolate anthropogenic particles smaller than 149 μm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries

Karami

Golieskardi

Choo

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

Self Cite

391

263

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“…59 . Briefly, 200 mL of KOH (10% w/v) was added to each bottle containing either excised organs, or the eviscerated flesh, and were incubated at 40 °C for 72 h. The digestate was then vacuum filtered through a 149 μm filter membrane.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastics in eviscerated flesh and excised organs of dried fish

Karami

Golieskardi

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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285

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There is a paucity of information about the occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in edible fish tissues. Here, we investigated the potential presence of MPs in the excised organs (viscera and gills) and eviscerated flesh (whole fish excluding the viscera and gills) of four commonly consumed dried fish species (n = 30 per species). The MP chemical composition was then determined using micro-Raman spectroscopy and elemental analysis with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Out of 61 isolated particles, 59.0% were plastic polymers, 21.3% were pigment particles, 6.55% were non-plastic items (i.e. cellulose or actinolite), while 13.1% remained unidentified. The level of heavy metals on MPs or pigment particles were below the detection limit. Surprisingly, in two species, the eviscerated flesh contained higher MP loads than the excised organs, which highlights that evisceration does not necessarily eliminate the risk of MP intake by consumers. Future studies are encouraged to quantify anthropogenic particle loads in edible fish tissues.

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“…Though more gentle to sensitive synthetic polymers (Klein et al 2015), enzymatic digestion is generally comprised of multiple processing steps (Cole et al 2014;, which can potentially increase losses of microplastics (Dawson et al 2018). One-step digestion methods have been developed previously (Claessens et al 2013;Collard et al 2015;Karami et al 2017;Li et al 2015). However, those methods require supplemental measures such as high working temperatures and need hours to days to digest biota samples fully (Table 1).…”

Section: Sdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Validation of an Efficient Method for Processing Microplastics in Biota Samples

Peng

Liu

et al. 2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The impacts of microplastics on aquatic ecosystems and biota are gaining attention globally. Although microplastics have been widely detected in biota, there currently are few standardized detection and identification methods. The present study developed a novel one‐step digestion method which was evaluated with mussel and fish samples. This method employed nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide (HNO3:H2O2 = 4:1 by volume) as digestion reagents, which completely digested biota samples <5 g weight within 30 min at 50 °C. A density separation step was subsequently used to remove organic residues as necessary. The efficiency and suitability of this method were tested by spiking microplastics of 7 different types and of various sizes (1000, 900, 675, 300, 250, and 150 μm) into mussel and gastrointestinal tracts of fish. The recoveries of microplastics ranged from 90 to 100%. No significant changes in weight, surface area, and particle size (t test, p > 0.05) were observed for all tested polymers. Fourier transform infrared spectral analyses demonstrated that the method did not degrade any of the polymers except for polyethylene terephthalate. The method was demonstrated with mussel and fish samples collected from the Pearl River delta, south China, and was able to recover microplastics effectively. Overall, the present method is time‐saving and easy to operate, with low procedural cross‐contamination. The properties of microplastics recovered by the present method remained largely intact, greatly benefiting subsequent qualitative and quantitative analyses. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1400–1408. © 2019 SETAC

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A high-performance protocol for extraction of microplastics in fish

Cited by 546 publications

References 60 publications

The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries

The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries

Microplastics in eviscerated flesh and excised organs of dried fish

Development and Validation of an Efficient Method for Processing Microplastics in Biota Samples

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