A high ratio of dietary n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids improves obesity-linked inflammation and insulin resistance through suppressing activation of TLR4 in SD rats

The Pharmacology of the Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenase/Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Axis in the Vasculature and Cardiovascular Disease

“…In contrast with the v-6 PUFAs, the v-3 PUFAs are usually attributed anti-inflammatory effects, particularly when considering the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (Calviello et al, 2013;Gray et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2013;Robinson and Mazurak, 2013;Pinel et al, 2014;Yates et al, 2014). Despite early positive reports of the benefits of supplementing diets with fish oils on cardiovascular outcomes, larger and better controlled clinical trials have failed to reveal any clear clinical benefit.…”

Chlorella vulgaris as a Source of Essential Fatty Acids and Micronutrients: A Brief Commentary

“…While arachidonic acid (n-6 derivative) gives rise to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are n-3 derivatives, function as substrates for the synthesis of resolvins, autacoids with high anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties [8 -9]. Dietary n-3/n-6 ratios of 1:6 to 1:4 have been proposed to ensure lifelong health and cardiovascular safety, and experimental studies even suggest the benefits of 1:1 ratios to improve obesity-linked inflammation and insulin resistance in rats [10].…”

“…As previously pointed, besides being essential, PUFAs must be provided in an adequate proportion (i.e. n-3/n-6 ~1:6) to ensure life-long health status [10]. Unfortunately, current western fatty acid intake follows a trend towards higher n-6 to n-3 proportion, and epidemiologic studies indicate a consumption of ~1:16 (n-3/n-6) by these populations.…”

Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance: Scope of the Problem

“…• excessively high refined carbohydrates in the diet, resulting in a glycaemic load that overwhelms human physiological regulatory mechanisms 79,80 • biologically inappropriate amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (specifically, omega-6 linoleic acid, coming primarily from isolated vegetable and seed oils, such as soy, corn and cottonseed) 73,81 • insufficient dietary omega-3 fatty acids, particularly when coupled with excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids 82,83,84,85,86,87 • disrupted circadian rhythms and an extended photoperiod, which may have an adverse influence on internal biorhythms and the pulsatile secretion of hormones, including cortisol and human growth hormone 88,89,90,91 • reduced physical activity, affecting mitochondrial biogenesis, skeletal muscle glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity 92,93,94,95,96 • increased feeding opportunities -decreased time between meals, allowing less time for a return to baseline in hormones that regulate blood glucose, appetite and fuel partitioning, such as insulin, glucagon and leptin, and reduced time for autophagy and cellular repair. 97,98,99 This is but a small selection of the host of factors purported to contribute to the development of IR.…”