A highly efficient separation and physicochemical characteristics of saturated fatty acids from crude palm oil fatty acids mixture using methanol crystallisation method

Abstract

-The objective of the current study was to separate saturated fatty acids (SFAs) from high free fatty acid crude palm oil fatty acid mixture using the methanol crystallisation method. The development of methanol crystallisation method procedure was based on various parameters. The fatty acid composition was determined by using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) as Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. The highest percentage of SFAs was more than 89% with the percentage yield of 48.9% under the optimal conditions of the fatty acids-to-methanol ratio of 1:15 (w/v), the crystallisation temperature of À15°C, and the crystallisation time of 24 hours, respectively. After a double crystallisation, the composition of separated SFAs contains 90% of palmitic acid (C 16:0 ) as a major component and 5.8% of stearic acid (C 18:0 ), respectively. Moreover, almost 4.2% of oleic acid (C 18:1 ) was observed in the saturated solid product. Based on the results, the use of methanol as a crystallisation solvent is recommended because of its high efficiency, low cost, stability, obtainability, and comparative ease of recovery.Keywords: high free fatty acid crude palm oil / saturated fatty acids / palmitic acid / methanol crystallisation Résumé -Une haute efficacité de séparation et caractéristiques physico-chimique des acides gras saturés à partir d'un mélange d'huile de palme et acides gras,en utilisant la méthode de cristallisation par méthanol. L'objectif de cette étude était de séparer l'acides gras saturés provenant du mélange huile de palme et acides gras, en utilisant la méthode de cristallisation par méthanol. La procédure de développement de la méthode de cristallisation par méthanol dépend de plusieurs paramètres. La composition de l'acide gras est déterminée par la chromatographie à gaz et par détecteur de flame d'ionisation (GC-FID), sous la forme de méthyle esters d'acide gras. Le haut pourcentage de l'acide gras saturés est de 89 % avec un rapport 48,9 % sous la condition optimale de l'acide gras/méthanol ratio de 1/15 (poids/volume). La température et le temps de cristallisation sont respectivement de À15°C et 24 h. Après une double cristallisation, la composition de l'acide gras saturés (SFAs) contient 90 % de l'acide palmic (C16:0) composé majeur et 5,8 % de l'acide stéarique (C18:0), également une portion de 4,2 % de l'acide oleifique a été observée dans le produit solide saturé. En se basant sur les résultats, l'utilisation de méthanol comme solvant de cristallisation est recommandable parce qu'il est hautement efficace, moins cher, stable, disponible et une facilité comparative de récupération.Mots clés : haute disponibilité de l'acide gras / l'huile de palme brute / acides gras saturés / acide palmic / cristallisation par méthanol *Correspondence: rahimi@ukm.edu.my OCL 2018, 25(2), A203

Comparison of Conventional and Sustainable Lipid Extraction Methods for the Production of Oil and Protein Isolate from Edible Insect Meal

“…They found a higher quantity of C18:2 in the polar lipid fraction, whereas the nonpolar lipid fraction contained more C18:1 [23]. The results obtained in this study also agree with the fact that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as C18:2 are relatively more polar than monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) such as C18:1V and long-chain saturated FAs such as C16:0 [24].…”

Low-Energy Separation Technique on Purification of Unsaturated Fatty Acids of Palm Stearin using Methanol Crystallization Method

“…Based on the increasing of iodine value in UFAs, the conducted separation process has proven separating the saturated compounds and purify unsaturated fatty acids. The unsaturation level of fatty acid is high in the separation method by using methanol however depending on the high solubility degree of fatty acids in methanol (Japir et al 2018). Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are more polar than that of saturated fatty acids.…”

“…The separation process of UFAs and SFAs used methanol as recoverable extraction solvent with some manipulated parameters. The methanol crystallization was previously studied by Japir et al (2018) with different raw material and parameters. A series of the study carried out whereby the methanol was used to dissolve and extract the UFAs.…”

“…This method could be applied to separate SFAs effectively and increase the unsaturation level of fatty acids. Moreover, the methanol used in this procedure can be re-extracted at the end of the process and recyclable without reducing the quality of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) (Japir et al 2018).…”

Optimization of Response Surface Methodology by D-Optimal Design for Alkaline Hydrolysis of Crude Palm Kernel Oil

“…As per Japir et al (2018), the fatty acids in this study was obtained via the hydrolysis of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. The reaction time and temperature and the ethanolic KOH concentration were varied using RSM, as outlined in Table 1, as part of the D-Optimal design adopted in this study.…”