“…This approach, although is a powerful tool in animal studies, has limited value in terms of clinical translation 7, 9, 10. On the other hand, several different methods to label stem cells with exogenous probes including quantum dots (QDs),11, 12 magnetic nanopartciles,13–15 carbon nanotubes,16 and silicon nanoparticles17 have also been developed for in vivo stem cell tracking via various imaging modalities such as optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and radionucleotide based imaging 15, 18, 19. However, due to the intrinsic limits of current imaging techniques and tracking probes, the accurate detection of small numbers of cells, as well as the remote control of stem cells translocation after in vivo transplantation, remains challenging in stem cell research.…”