A historical review of the key bacterial and viral pathogens of Scottish wild fish

Wallace, I S; McKay, P; Murray, Alexander G.

doi:10.1111/jfd.12654

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(149 reference statements)

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“…The close contact between fish reared at high densities in hatcheries might facilitate transmission of this bacterium (Cipriano & Austin, ). In BC, vaccination against A. sal infection and prophylactic treatment with antibiotics is the conventional practice for farmed and hatchery salmonids, which might help reduce the overall exposure risk of wild resident fish around farmed salmon populations (Menanteau‐Ledouble, Kumar, Saleh, & El‐Matbouli, ; Wade, ).…”

Section: Synthesis Of Information About Infectious Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of infectious agent occurrence in wild salmonids in British Columbia, Canada

Jia

Delphino

Awosile

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Wild Pacific salmonids (WPS) are economically and culturally important to the Pacific North region. Most recently, some populations of WPS have been in decline. Of hypothesized factors contributing to the decline, infectious agents have been postulated to increase the risk of mortality in Pacific salmon. We present a literature review of both published journal and unpublished data to describe the distribution of infectious agents reported in wild Pacific salmonid populations in British Columbia (BC), Canada. We targeted 10 infectious agents, considered to potentially cause severe economic losses in Atlantic salmon or be of conservation concern for wild salmon in BC. The findings indicated a low frequency of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, piscine orthoreovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmoninarum, Piscirickettsia salmonis and other Rickettsia-like organisms, Yersinia ruckeri, Tenacibaculum maritimum and Moritella viscosa. No positive results were reported for infestations with Paramoeba perurans in peer-reviewed papers and the DFO Fish Pathology Program database. This review synthesizes existinginformation, as well as gaps therein, that can support the design and implementation of a long-term surveillance programme of infectious agents in wild salmonids in BC. K E Y W O R D SBritish Columbia, historical review, infectious agents, wild Pacific salmonids

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Section: Synthesis Of Information About Infectious Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of infectious agent occurrence in wild salmonids in British Columbia, Canada

Jia

Delphino

Awosile

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…The virus causing the disease, the IPN virus (IPNV), was the first fish virus isolated in vitro [3] and belongs to the family Birnaviridae and the genus Aquabirnavirus. Although originally isolated from brown trout and considered a disease of great impact on cultured salmonids worldwide [4], it has also been isolated from non-salmonid diseased fishes, as well as from a wide range of fish species from natural environments [5][6][7]. In fact, the term IPNV is strictly used for those strains affecting salmonid fish which develop specific symptoms (see below).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) and its Virulence Determinants: What is Known and What Should be Known

Dopazo

2020

Pathogens

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Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a disease of great concern in aquaculture, mainly among salmonid farmers, since losses in salmonid fish—mostly very young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnery) fry and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolt—frequently reach 80–90% of stocks. The virus causing the typical signs of the IPN disease in salmonids, named infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), has also been isolated from other fish species either suffering related diseases (then named IPNV-like virus) or asymptomatic; the general term aquabirnavirus is used to encompass all these viruses. Aquabirnaviruses are non-enveloped, icosahedral bisegmented dsRNA viruses, whose genome codifies five viral proteins, three of which are structural, and one of them is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Due to the great importance of the disease, there have been great efforts to find a way to predict the level of virulence of IPNV isolates. The viral genome and proteins have been the main focus of research. However, to date such a reliable magic marker has not been discovered. This review describes the processes followed for decades in the attempts to discover the viral determinants of virulence, and to help the reader understand how viral components can be involved in virulence modulation in vitro and in vivo. There is also a brief description of the disease, of host defenses, and of the molecular structure and function of the virus and its viral components.

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“…R. salmoninarum was identified by Chambers et al [ 39 ] from eel in the river catchment in England using PCR in 2008 [ 39 ]. Minnow ( Phoxinus phoxinus ) and three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) have also been reported to be sensitive to this disease [ 40 ].…”

Section: Distribution Of the Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Renibacterium salmoninarum—The Causative Agent of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Salmonid Fish

2020

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Renibacterium salmoninarum is one of the oldest known bacterial pathogens of fish. This Gram-positive bacterium is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, a chronic infection that is mostly known to infect salmonid fish at low temperatures. Externally, infected fish can display exophthalmia as well as blebs on the skin and ulcerations alongside haemorrhages at the base of the fins and alongside the lateral line. Internally, the kidney, heart, spleen and liver can show signs of swelling. Granulomas can be seen on various internal organs, as can haemorrhages, and the organs can be covered with a false membrane. Ascites can also accumulate in the abdominal cavity. The bacterium is generally cultivated on specialized media such as kidney disease medium-1 (KDM-1), KDM-2 and selective kidney disease medium (SKDM), and a diagnostic is performed using molecular tools such as PCRs or real-time quantitative PCRs (RT-qPCRs). Several virulence mechanisms have been identified in R. salmoninarum, in particular the protein p57 that is known to play a role in both agglutination and immunosuppression of the host’s defense mechanisms. Control of the disease is difficult; the presence of asymptomatic carriers complicates the eradication of the disease, as does the ability of the bacterium to gain entrance inside the eggs. Bacterin-killed vaccines have proven to be of doubtful efficacy in controlling the disease, and even more recent application of a virulent environmental relative of R. salmoninarum is of limited efficacy. Treatment by antibiotics such as erythromycin, azithromycin and enrofloxacin can be effective but it is slow and requires prolonged treatment. Moreover, antibiotic-resistant strains have been reported. Despite being known for a long time, there is still much to be discovered about R. salmoninarum, notably regarding its virulence mechanisms and its vaccine potential. Consequently, these gaps in knowledge continue to hinder control of this bacterial disease in aquaculture settings.

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A historical review of the key bacterial and viral pathogens of Scottish wild fish

Cited by 27 publications

References 78 publications

Review of infectious agent occurrence in wild salmonids in British Columbia, Canada

Review of infectious agent occurrence in wild salmonids in British Columbia, Canada

The Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) and its Virulence Determinants: What is Known and What Should be Known

Renibacterium salmoninarum—The Causative Agent of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Salmonid Fish

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