A history of the biological and integrated control of red scale,Aonidiella aurantii on citrus in the lower Murray valley of Australia

Furness, GO; Buchanan, G. A.; George, R. S.; Richardson, Noel

doi:10.1007/bf02372170

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The endoparasitoid E. perniciosi is a common CRS parasitoid widely distributed around the world (Furness et al, 1983;Heraty et al, 2007). To our knowledge, this species has only been previously recorded in eastern Spain (Pina & Verdú, 2007b;Sorribas et al, 2008) where some inoculative releases were carried out (Pina & Verdú, 2007b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Displacement of Aphytis chrysomphali by Aphytis melinus, parasitoids of the California red scale, in the Iberian Peninsula

Boyero

Vela

Wong

et al. 2014

Span. j. agric. res.

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Parasitoids are the main natural enemies of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) and on occasion can regulate their populations. To increase their effectiveness, inoculative or augmentative releases of parasitoids are promoted. Previous to the implementation of any release strategy an important and necessary step is to acquire knowledge on the parasitoid fauna associated with this key phytophagous pest. Parasitoids were surveyed and quantified in Spanish citrus orchards between 2005 and 2009. Aphytis melinus DeBach (87.1%) resulted as the dominant species, followed by Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet) (15.9%), Encarsia perniciosi (Tower) (2.4%) and Aphycus hederaceus (Westwood) (0.004%). Overall, higher levels of parasitism were recorded in fruit than in twigs. Scales in fruit were parasitized at similar levels by the different parasitoid species whereas E. perniciosi was more active in twigs. Data eventually reveal the recent displacement of A. chrysomphali by A. melinus. The implications of these results on the biological control of A. aurantii are discussed and this information will be useful in the decision of IPM strategies for this pest.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Displacement of Aphytis chrysomphali by Aphytis melinus, parasitoids of the California red scale, in the Iberian Peninsula

Boyero

Vela

Wong

et al. 2014

Span. j. agric. res.

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“…comm., August 2013), and KNSW1 and KNSW3 from Kulnura. The second comprises 4 accessions: culture 1, culture 2 (from A. melinus cultures established in SA from an Indian subcontinent‐race imported to VIC from California in 1961; Furness et al ., ; Rosen & DeBach, ), WA1 from Perth, and CaNSW1 from Castlereagh, the latter being sister to the other 3. Pupae of these accessions (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Reviews by Wilson (), Compere (), Furness et al . (), and Smith et al . () indicate that the first parasitoid to be officially introduced for control of red scale was either A. chrysomphali or A. lingnanensis from China, introduced by George Compere in 1905 (Compere, ; Despeissis, ) and 1907 (Newman, ; Jenkins, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Primary parasitoids of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) in Australia and a review of their introductions from Asia

et al. 2015

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We used morphological and molecular differences to confirm the identities of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) and yellow scale (A. citrina), and their primary parasitoids, in Australia. An extension to the distribution of yellow scale was confirmed. Six primary parasitoids of red scale were identified: Aphytis chrysomphali, A. lingnanensis, A. melinus, Comperiella bifasciata, Encarsia citrina, and E. perniciosi. With the exception of A. lingnanensis, these parasitoids, and a species of Aphelinus, were detected in association with red scale during studies in citrus orchards in coastal New South Wales between 2009 and 2012. Two races of A. melinus were recorded: one from the Indian Subcontinent, the other previously only recorded in China. The studies, and reviews of historical records, led us to conclude that 4 parasitoids, A. lingnanensis, C. bifasciata, and both species of Encarsia, were present in Australia before successful or unsuccessful formal introductions between 1902 and 1970. The A. melinus race previously recorded in China may also have been present before the Indian Subcontinent race was formally introduced in 1961. We suggest the possibility that the natural distribution of some of the parasitoids may include East and Southeast Asia, and parts of Australasia. We found no reports of native armored scales being recorded on species and hybrids of Citrus introduced to Australia, and no reports of introduced armored scales being recorded on native Rutaceae, including 6 species of Citrus. However, we subsequently recorded yellow scale on Geijera parviflora, a native rutaceous tree.

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“…In particular the aphelinid ectoparasitoid Aphytis melinus (Fig. 3) is the most commonly used biocontrol agent of A. aurantii in Italy as well as worldwide through augmentative releases (Furness, Buchanan, George, & Richardson, 1983;Moreno & Luck, 1992;Forster et al, 1995;Luck, Forster, & Morse, 1997;Rizqi, Nia, Abbassi, & Nadori, 2001;Rizqi, Bouchakour, Aberbach, & Nia, 2006). The technique consists in releasing about 200,000 parasitoids/ha/year starting in February-March (when the average temperature is around 18°C or after the first captures of males on the pheromone traps) and following a bi-weekly interval.…”

Section: Aonidiella Aurantii (Maskell)mentioning

confidence: 94%

Citrus Integrated Pest Management in Italy

Zappalà

2010

Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases

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Abstract. Main insect pests of citrus in Italy are presented, with details on their biology and main natural enemies. They are the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii, the Oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii, the Citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, the Citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. Management of A. aurantii is generally based on integrated control strategies supported by a monitoring system through pheromone traps. Natural enemies include predatory beetles and endoparasitoids. Aspidiotus nerii is controlled by predatory beetles and Aphelinid parasitoids. Management relies on pruning, chemical control and monitoring through sticky tapes. Several predators (spiders, true bugs, lacewings and ants) feed on P. citrella, with over 90 parasitoid species. Natural enemies of P. citri include predators and endoparasitoids, which provide satisfactory control. Ceratitis capitata is the main pest of citrus; biological control with parasitoids had limited success. Its populations are limited by microorganisms and occasional predators, cultural methods, chemicals and attractive traps. Management and control of secondary pests of citrus, like whiteflies, some scales and moths, are also discussed.

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A history of the biological and integrated control of red scale,Aonidiella aurantii on citrus in the lower Murray valley of Australia

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Displacement of Aphytis chrysomphali by Aphytis melinus, parasitoids of the California red scale, in the Iberian Peninsula

Displacement of Aphytis chrysomphali by Aphytis melinus, parasitoids of the California red scale, in the Iberian Peninsula

Primary parasitoids of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) in Australia and a review of their introductions from Asia

Citrus Integrated Pest Management in Italy

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