A Hybrid Method Based on the Iterative Fourier Transform and the Differential Evolution for Pattern Synthesis of Sparse Linear Arrays

Wang, Xin-Kuan; Wang, Guibao

doi:10.1155/2018/6309192

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Amplitude and phase tapering is highly dependent on cost with a different choice. It is possible using an amplitude tapering of the primary and secondary array or one of them and using phase tapering of the secondary array [26]- [31]. The excitation coefficients can be implementable through the adaptive analog BF in a massive MIMO antenna.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide Scan Angle Randomly Overlap Subarray Antenna for 5G in 28GHz

Shadi

Atlasbaf

2021

Preprint

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Synthesizing antenna arrays for fifth-generation communication technology is the most significant issue in the electromagnetic industry and academia. This paper focused on a comprehensive algorithm to design an antenna array used as a 5G base station antenna. The proposed algorithm's goal has an array antenna with high gain, continuous wide scan angle without grating lobe, compact size, minimum cost, and simplicity of construction, particularly in the array feeding network's system. For this purpose, several factors, such as subarray topology, complex weighting function, the minimum number of RF elements, and the optimum number of microstrip layers will be intended. The desired topology is specified with the grating lobe's minimum level by comparing the array factor of different subarray combinations. We consider some limitations in our algorithm that improve the specification than before research and reduce the runtime algorithm. Moreover, the number of phase shifters is decreased to more than 53%, substantially improved than previous works. The GAPSO technique is then used to determine the excitation coefficients' optimal value to control SLL and beam scanning. Amplitude accuracy and phase are considered 0.1 and 1 degree, respectively, to avoid tolerance construction. The proposed method is also applied to design a linear array antenna using a 5G base station antenna in 28 GH. This aperiodic linear array's electromagnetic parameter consists of HPBW of 2.8◦, a gain of 20 dB, scanning up to ±50◦ in one direction, and SLL is below -15 dB.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide Scan Angle Randomly Overlap Subarray Antenna for 5G in 28GHz

Shadi

Atlasbaf

2021

Preprint

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“…Evolutionary algorithms are increasingly widely used in the optimization of sparse arrays. Generally, global optimization processes such as genetic algorithm (GA) [8,9] and differential evolution (DE) [10,11] are easy to fall into a dead loop; thus, the result of synthesis was a local optimal solution. Meanwhile, the computational complexity of these global optimization techniques increases exponentially with the increase of unknowns, so these processes cannot be guaranteed to reach the optimal solution in a reasonable time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Side Lobe Suppression of Time-Modulated Sparse Linear Array Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

Liang

Sun

et al. 2019

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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An efficient pattern synthesis approach is proposed for the synthesis of a time-modulated sparse linear array (TMSLA) in this paper. Due to the introduction of time modulation, the low/ultralow side lobe level can be obtained with a low amplitude dynamic range ratio. Besides, it helps reduce the difficulty of antenna feeding system effectively. Based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and convex (CVX) optimization, this paper proposes a hybrid optimization method to suppress the grating lobes of the sparse arrays, peak side lobe level (PSLL), and peak sideband level (PSBL). Firstly, the paper utilizes the CVX optimization as a local optimization algorithm to optimize the elements' switch-on duration time, which reduces the side lobe of the array. Secondly, with the PSBL as the objective function, the paper adopts the PSO as a global optimization algorithm to optimize the elements' positions and switch-on time instant, which helps reduce the loss of sideband power caused by time modulation. With respect to the time modulation model, variable aperture sizes (VAS) and more flexible pulse-shifting (PS) schemes are used in this paper. Owing to the introduction of time modulation and CVX optimization, the proposed method is much more feasible and efficient than conventional approaches. Furthermore, it has better array pattern synthesis performance. Numerical examples of the TMSLA and comparisons with the reference are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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“…Inspired by the efficiency of the iterative Fourier transform (IFT) [26][27][28] in synthesizing both linear and planar thinned arrays (PTAs), a hybrid method based on the IFT and the algorithm of DE, called IFT-DE, was proposed in [29] for the synthesis of a uniformly amplitude linear sparse array (LSA) including many elements. In the first step of the method, the aperture of LSA is divided into a set of half wavelength spaced lattices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, the IFT-DE is further extended to the synthesis of a uniform amplitude PSA with apertures ranging from small to moderate size. There are mainly two differences between the method in this paper and the algorithm proposed in [29]. Firstly, the 2D-FFT is performed over 2D lattices to get a planar thinned array (PTA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Two-Step Method for the Low-Sidelobe Synthesis of Uniform Amplitude Planar Sparse Arrays

Wang¹,

Wang²,

Wang³

et al. 2019

PIER M

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A two-step method combining the algorithms of iterative Fourier transform (IFT) and differential evolution (DE), called IFT-DE, is proposed in this paper for the low sidelobe synthesis of a uniform amplitude planar sparse array (PSA). Firstly, the entire aperture of the array is divided into a set of square lattices that are spaced at half wavelength. Then the elements are forced to be located on the lattices through performing IFT, so that a planar thinned array (PTA) is formed across the aperture. Undoubtedly the interval between adjacent elements of the PTA is an integer multiple of half wavelength. In the second step, for each column of PTA the elements spaced greater than or equal to a wavelength are selected as the candidates whose locations need to be optimized by DE procedure, as long as the renewed inter-element spacing is not less than half wavelength. Consequently, a PSA with reduced sidelobe level may be obtained. According to the aforementioned selection rule, only a small part of elements that account for the total number need to be relocated, which denotes that the number of individual parameters waiting for optimizing by DE is decreased considerably, and thereby greatly accelerates the convergence speed of the algorithm. A set of synthesis experiments for PSA ranging from small to moderate size are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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A Hybrid Method Based on the Iterative Fourier Transform and the Differential Evolution for Pattern Synthesis of Sparse Linear Arrays

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

Wide Scan Angle Randomly Overlap Subarray Antenna for 5G in 28GHz

Wide Scan Angle Randomly Overlap Subarray Antenna for 5G in 28GHz

Research on Side Lobe Suppression of Time-Modulated Sparse Linear Array Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

A Two-Step Method for the Low-Sidelobe Synthesis of Uniform Amplitude Planar Sparse Arrays

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