A kinematic analysis of high-speed treadmill sprinting over a range of velocities

Kivi, Derek; Maraj, Brian K. V.; Gervais, Pierre

doi:10.1097/00005768-200204000-00016

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Several previous publications have observed the relationship between measures of leg angular velocity and running speed ( Kivi et al, 2002 ; Kunz and Kaufman, 1981 ; Mann and Herman, 1985 ; Mann and Murphy, 2018 ; Miyashiro et al, 2019 ). Furthermore, faster running speeds have been associated with measures of hip joint strength, power, torque, work and muscle activation ( Belli et al, 2002 ; Bezodis et al, 2008 ; Copaver et al, 2012 ; Deane et al, 2005 ; Dorn et al, 2012 ; Nagahara et al, 2020 ; Schache et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Furthermore, measurements of leg angular velocity have been positively related to running speed in human sprinting ( Belli et al, 2002 ; Kivi et al, 2002 ; Kunz and Kaufman, 1981 ; Mann and Herman, 1985 ; Mann and Murphy, 2018 ; Miyashiro et al, 2019 ) and cited as a critical factor for running speed in robotic legged locomotion ( Thompson and Raibert, 1989 ). However, despite prior evidence linking faster running speeds to both greater vertical ground reaction force and leg angular velocity, the connection between these two factors has not yet been fully explored across a range of speeds and runners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Whip from the hip”: thigh angular motion, ground contact mechanics, and running speed

2020

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During high-speed running, lower limb vertical velocity at touchdown has been cited as a critical factor needed to generate large vertical forces. Additionally, greater leg angular velocity has also been correlated with increased running speeds. However, the association between these factors has not been comprehensively investigated across faster running speeds. Therefore, this investigation aimed to evaluate the relationship between running speed, thigh angular motion, and vertical force determinants. It was hypothesized that thigh angular velocity would demonstrate a positive linear relationship with both running speed and lower limb vertical velocity at touchdown. A total of 40 subjects (20 males, 20 females) from various athletic backgrounds volunteered and completed 40 m running trials across a range of sub-maximal and maximal running speeds during one test session. Linear and angular kinematic data were collected from 31–39 m. The results supported the hypotheses, as across all subjects and trials (range of speeds: 3.1–10.0 m s−1), measures of thigh angular velocity demonstrated a strong positive linear correlation to speed (all R2>0.70, p<0.0001) and lower limb vertical velocity at touchdown (all R2=0.75, p<0.0001). These findings suggest thigh angular velocity is strongly related to running speed and lower limb impact kinematics associated with vertical force application.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Whip from the hip”: thigh angular motion, ground contact mechanics, and running speed

2020

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“…Given that one of the fitness tests is completed at maximum running speed, the running intensity is much higher during fitness testing. The upper leg (quadriceps and hamstring) is biomechanically and anatomically more challenged during sprinting than during lower-intensity running [37]. It is therefore logical that studies have found that the quadriceps and hamstring regions are more commonly injured among sprinters than among middle- and long-distance runners [38,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective survey on injuries in Croatian football/soccer referees

Gabrilo

Ostojić

Idrizović³

et al. 2013

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

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BackgroundInjury among soccer referees is rarely studied, especially with regard to differences in the quality level of the refereeing. Additionally, we have found no study that has reported injury occurrence during official physical fitness testing for soccer referees. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, type and consequences of match-related and fitness-testing related injuries among soccer referees of different competitive levels.MethodsWe studied 342 soccer referees (all males; mean age 32.9 ± 5.02 years). The study was retrospective, and a self-administered questionnaire was used. In the first phase of the study, the questionnaire was tested for its reliability and applicability. The questionnaire included morphological/anthropometric data, refereeing variables, and musculoskeletal disorders together with the consequences.ResultsThe sample comprised 157 main referees (MR; mean age 31.4 ± 4.9 years) and 185 assistant referees (AR; mean age 34.1 ± 5.1 years) divided into: international level (Union of European Football Associations-UEFA) referees (N = 18; 6 MRs; 12 ARs) ; 1st (N = 78; 31 MRs; 47 ARs), 2nd (N = 91; 45 MRs; 46 ARs); or 3rd national level referees (N = 155; 75 MRs; 80 ARs). In total, 29% (95%CI: 0.23–0.37) of the MRs and 30% (95%CI: 0.22–0.36) of the ARs had experienced an injury during the previous year, while 13% (95%CI: 0.05–0.14) of the MRs, and 19% (95%CI: 0.14–0.25) of the ARs suffered from an injury that occurred during fitness testing. There was an obvious increase in injury severity as the refereeing advanced at the national level, but the UEFA referees were the least injured of all referees. The results showed a relatively high prevalence of injuries to the upper leg (i.e., quadriceps and hamstrings) during physical fitness testing for all but the UEFA referees. During game refereeing, the ankles and lower legs were the most commonly injured regions. The MRs primarily injured their ankles. The ARs experienced lower leg and lower back disorders. However, the overall injury rate was equal for both groups, with 5.29 (95%CI: 2.23–8.30) and 4.58 (95%CI: 2.63–6.54) injuries per 1000 hours of refereeing for MRs and ARs, respectively.ConclusionIn addition to the reported risk of injury during soccer games, physical fitness testing should be classified as a risk for injury among soccer referees. Special attention should be given to (I) lower leg injuries during games and (II) upper leg injuries during physical fitness tests. A higher physical fitness level and a qualitative approach to training are recognized as protective factors against injury. Subsequent studies should investigate the specific predictors of injuries among referees.

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“…While most of the lower limb muscles showed higher muscle activity during the stance phase, RF and VL activities during the stance phase did not differ between uphill and level sprint running. These results may be due to the sprint-specific running mechanics of the knee joint [28][29][30][31] . Based on geometrical reasoning, Ito et al 30) have demonstrated that full knee extension during the stance phase cannot lead to efficient development of horizontal running speed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of incline on lower extremity muscle activity during sprinting

Okudaira

Willwacher

Kuki

et al. 2021

JPFSM

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This study aimed to investigate the effect of incline on neuromuscular mechanisms in uphill sprint running. Nine male college sprinters performed 5-sec constant speed running trials on a motorized treadmill at 7.5 m/s. Each trial was conducted under different inclined conditions (level and 5.0% grade). Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from 6 muscles of the lower limbs, including gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and lateral gastrocnemius lateralis. We found higher muscle activity in all muscles during the stance phase in uphill sprinting except for rectus femoris and vastus lateralis. Higher muscle activation during the recovery phase was found in the rectus femoris muscle in uphill sprinting. These muscle activity adaptations in uphill sprinting were paralleled by higher step frequency and shorter step length. Our results suggest that lower limb muscle activity can meaningfully adapt to sprint-specific demand in uphill running.

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A kinematic analysis of high-speed treadmill sprinting over a range of velocities

Cited by 21 publications

References 7 publications

“Whip from the hip”: thigh angular motion, ground contact mechanics, and running speed

“Whip from the hip”: thigh angular motion, ground contact mechanics, and running speed

A retrospective survey on injuries in Croatian football/soccer referees

Effect of incline on lower extremity muscle activity during sprinting

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