A laboratory and simulation study of preformed particle gels for water conformance control

Goudarzi, Ali; Zhang, Hao; Varavei, Abdoljalil; Taksaudom, Pongpak; Hu, Yunpeng; Delshad, Mojdeh; Bai, Baojun; Sepehrnoori, Kamy

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.081

Cited by 165 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Gelation behavior of a gel system can be greatly affected by reservoir environments. 39 Sometimes the gelation behavior of a gel system formed in core is significantly different with that of the gel formed in bottle, and therefore the results of core tests have high reference value for field applications. To explore the gelation behavior of the HAP/PEI gel system formed in core, gelling solutions with 0.35% HAP and 0.60 wt % PEI were prepared and injected into a series cores, and then the gel strength and the gelation time were determined under different conditions.…”

Section: Energy and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gelation Study on a Hydrophobically Associating Polymer/Polyethylenimine Gel System for Water Shut-off Treatment

et al. 2015

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A gel system has been widely used in many mature oilfields for water shut-off treatment. In the present study, the hydrophobically associating polymer (HAP) was cross-linked with the polyethylenimine (PEI) to form a HAP/PEI gel system which contains 0.35 wt % HAP and 0.60 wt % PEI. Gelation behaviors of the HAP/PEI gel formed in bottle and in core were studied, respectively. Results show that the gelation behaviors of the gel system were greatly affected by the concentration of HAP and that of PEI. The addition of the sodium chloride or calcium chloride generally resulted in a decrease of the apparent viscosity and an extension of the gelation time. However, a low concentration of sodium chloride led to a slight increase of the gel viscosity in bottle due to the intensification of the hydrophobic association. The rock skeleton of the core had a great effect on the gelation behavior. Compared with the results obtained in bottle, the apparent viscosity of the HAP/PEI gel system in core was obviously reduced, and the gelation time in core was extended two times or even longer. Both the gelation times achieved in bottle and in core decreased with the increase of temperature following the relationship of Arrhenius-type. The activation energy of the HAP/PEI gel system was 41.57 kJ/mol in bottle but increased to 60.95 kJ/mol in core. Data collected from the core flowing tests present a favorable shut-off performance and a strong wash-out resistance of the HAP/PEI gel system. In addition, the in-depth flow diversion and water permeability reduction were two main mechanisms of this gel system for water shut-off treatment.

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Section: Energy and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gelation Study on a Hydrophobically Associating Polymer/Polyethylenimine Gel System for Water Shut-off Treatment

et al. 2015

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“…All experiments were performed several times until four consecutive mass measurements were the same and within the limits of experimental error of 1 %. The swelling ratio was calculated as follows:

Swelling ratio = \frac{W_{s} - W_{d}}{W_{d}}

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement in thermo‐chemical stability of nanocomposite preformed particle gels for conformance control in harsh oil reservoir conditions

Saghafi¹,

Naderifar

Gerami

et al. 2016

Can J Chem Eng

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Gel treatment is one of the most promising technologies to improve conformance control in heterogeneous reservoirs. In this paper, new enhanced preformed particle gels (PPGs) are introduced for conformance control in high‐temperature and high‐salinity oil reservoirs. The thermo‐chemical stability of this product is due to the incorporation of a new monomer, N,N‐dimethyl acrylamide (DA), to the structure of the last well‐known nano‐composite PPGs. Four species, N,N‐dimethyl acrylamide, 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulphonic sodium salt (AMPSNa), acrylamide (AM), and N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) monomers, were used to synthesize these PPGs via free radical cross‐linking polymerization at room temperature using N,N‐methylenebis (acrylamide) as a cross‐linker. The mechanical properties of these new classes of PPGs were enhanced by adding the nano‐clay montmorillonite Na+. A temperature stability agent was also used to make these special PPGs compatible with high temperature and salinity reservoir conditions. A systematic study on PPGs preparation was conducted to improve PPGs stability for harsh reservoir conditions that exist in Persian Gulf oil reservoirs (a temperature of 145 °C and a water total dissolved solid of 225 000 mg/L). PPGs prepared with 0.30 g/g (30 wt%) of a 2:1:1:2 molar mass ratio of AM, DA, NVP, and AMPSNa could be completely stable for the mentioned conditions. Rheological behaviours of these PPGs were investigated and a mathematical model for prediction of storage modulus up to onset of elastic to viscous phase was presented. The results of this study reveal useful insights about the selection of appropriate material for successful conformance control in the heterogeneous reservoirs.

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“…[1][2][3] Their relatively low cost also contributes to the expansion of their application scale, despite the fact that many kinds of new water-plugging agents have been developed in recent years. 4 Anionic polymers, such as hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, are commonly used with crosslinkers to prepare gelling solutions or gelants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a polymer on chromium(III) diffusion during gelant injection in fractured media

Bai

Xiong

et al. 2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The effect of a polymer on chromium diffusion during gelant injection into fractured media was explored with a polymer/chromium(III) (Cr 31 ) gelant. The capture and barrier effects are two main affecting mechanisms of polymer molecules on the diffusion of Cr 31 , and the formation of the polymer leak-off layer is a key influencing factor. The experimental results show that when the polymer molecular weight (MW) or concentration increased, both the diffusion rate of Cr 31 and the leak-off degree of the gelant decreased sharply. This resulted in the delayed initial production and advanced final production of Cr 31. Because of the changing diffusion rate of Cr 31 and the dilution effect of brine during gelant injection, the change trends of the Cr 31 production from the fracture outlet and matrix ports reversed after the injection volume exceeded a value; this value was named the critical injected volume. During gelant injection into the fractures, under the effects of gravity action and the disproportionate diffusion of Cr 31, the chromium diffusion profiles measured at the fracture top and bottom were different. The chromium diffusion profile along the matrix varied with increasing gelant injected volume, but it finally reached the diffusion equilibrium state in the matrix. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43447.

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A laboratory and simulation study of preformed particle gels for water conformance control

Cited by 165 publications

References 18 publications

Gelation Study on a Hydrophobically Associating Polymer/Polyethylenimine Gel System for Water Shut-off Treatment

Gelation Study on a Hydrophobically Associating Polymer/Polyethylenimine Gel System for Water Shut-off Treatment

Improvement in thermo‐chemical stability of nanocomposite preformed particle gels for conformance control in harsh oil reservoir conditions

Effect of a polymer on chromium(III) diffusion during gelant injection in fractured media

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