A Laboratory School Comparison of Mixed Amphetamine Salts Extended Release (Adderall XR®) and Atomoxetine (Strattera®) in School-Aged Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Wigal, Sharon B.; McGough, James J.; McCracken, James T.; Biederman, Joseph; Spencer, Thomas; Posner, Kelly; Wigal, Tim; Kollins, Scott H.; Clark, Tanya M.; Mays, D. A.; Zhang, Yuxin; Tulloch, Simon

doi:10.1177/1087054705281121

Cited by 108 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…MPH can have serious side effects, however, including growth retardation, nausea, insomnia, anxiety, tics, and cardiovascular risk (McNeil Pediatrics 2008), suggesting need for further development of psychostimulants. Though progress has been made in ADHD drug delivery, recently approved therapeutics, such as atomoxetine and guanfacine, are inferior in clinical efficacy to MPH or AMPH, despite their ability to reduce inattention and impulsivity (Wigal et al 2005;Faraone et al 2007;Newcorn et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal model of methylphenidate's long-term memory-enhancing effects

et al. 2014

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Methylphenidate (MPH), introduced more than 60 years ago, accounts for two-thirds of current prescriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although many studies have modeled MPH's effect on executive function, almost none have directly modeled its effect on long-term memory (LTM), even though improvement in LTM is a critical target of therapeutic intervention in ADHD. We examined the effects of a wide range of doses of MPH (0.01 -10 mg/kg, i.p.) on Pavlovian fear learning, a leading model of memory. MPH's effects were then compared to those of atomoxetine (0.1 -10 mg/kg, i.p.), bupropion (0.5 -20 mg/kg, i.p.), and citalopram (0.01 -10 mg/kg, i.p.). At low, clinically relevant doses, MPH enhanced fear memory; at high doses it impaired memory. MPH's memory-enhancing effects were not confounded by its effects on locomotion or anxiety. Further, MPH-induced memory enhancement seemed to require both dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition. Finally, the addictive potential of MPH (1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) was compared to those of two other psychostimulants, amphetamine (0.005 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg) and cocaine (0.15 mg/kg and 15 mg/ kg), using a conditioned place preference and behavioral sensitization paradigm. We found that memory-enhancing effects of psychostimulants observed at low doses are readily dissociable from their reinforcing and locomotor activating effects at high doses. Together, our data suggest that fear conditioning will be an especially fruitful platform for modeling the effects of psychostimulants on LTM in drug development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal model of methylphenidate's long-term memory-enhancing effects

et al. 2014

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“…Therefore, the concept of response and remission was first introduced for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the early 1990s (Frank et al 1991;Kupfer 1991). Remission is clearly defined as an asymptomatic state, and at least a 50% reduction in symptoms as defined using a standard rating scale, or with the clinical global impression that the patient is minimally or not at all ill (Kemner et al 2005;Wigal et al 2005). The consensus guidelines for MDD from Europe, Canada, and the United States recommend that the goal of therapy should include the remission of symptoms and a return to the premorbid level of social and occupational function (Anderson et al 2000; Canadian Psychiatric Association Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments 2001; Lam and Kennedy 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most commonly used scales for ADHD are the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-Fourth Edition scale (SNAP-IV) (Swan 1995), the ADHD Rating Scale, Version-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) (Stein et al 2003), the Clinical Global Impressions -ADHD-Improvement scale (CGI-ADHD-I), and the Clinical Global Impressions -ADHD-Severity scale (CGI-ADHD-S) to assess the response to treatment or remission (Stein et al 2003;Kelsey et al 2004). Remission is defined as a mean total score of £ 1 on most of the standardized rating scales as mentioned previously in symptom aspect, and/or £ 2 on the CGI-ADHD-S scale to indicate not at all ill or borderline existence of ADHD symptoms (Stein et al 2003;Swanson et al 2003 ;Kelsey et al 2001;Kemner et al 2005;Wigal et al 2005;Steele et al 2006a). Some studies use total score of £ 18 on the ADHD-RS-IV as the definition of remission (Stein et al 2003;Dickson et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remission in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder via an Effective and Tolerable Titration Scheme for Osmotic Release Oral System Methylphenidate

Chou

Chen²,

Chen³

et al. 2012

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal dose of osmotic release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) using a dosage forced-titration scheme to achieve symptomatic remission in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We also evaluated the efficacy and safety of, and patient and parent satisfaction with, the change in therapy from immediate-release methylphenidate (IR-MPH) to OROS-MPH over 10 weeks. Method: We recruited 521 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years with an American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) diagnosis of ADHD, who had received IR-MPH treatments ( < 70 mg/ day) for at least 1 month. The treatment, switched from IR-MPH to OROS-MPH according to a conversion scheme, started with a 6-week forced-titration phase of OROS-MPH to achieve symptomatic remission (defined as a score of 0 or 1 for each of the first 18 ADHD items in the Chinese version of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV [SNAP-IV]), followed by a 4-week maintenance phase. The global ADHD severity and drug side effects of the participants were evaluated. Parents completed the ratings scales for the ADHD-related symptoms. Patient and parent satisfaction for the OROS-MPH treatment was also assessed. Results: Among the 439 participants with ADHD who completed the trial, 290 participants (66.1%) achieved symptomatic remission. The mean dose of OROS-MPH among participants in remission was 36.7 mg (1.08 mg/kg) per day. Increased efficacy, superior satisfaction, and safety equivalent to that of IR-MPH were demonstrated in intra-individual comparisons from the baseline to the end of study. Determinants for remission included less severe ADHD symptoms (SNAP-IV score < 40), no family history of ADHD, and an appropriate dosage of medication according to the patient's weight. Conclusions: The findings suggest remission as a treatment goal for ADHD therapy by providing an optimal dosage of medication for children and adolescents with ADHD through using an effective and tolerable forced-titration scheme.

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“…Its efficacy in children with ADHD has been demonstrated in three double-blind, placebo-controlled trials [11][12][13]. However, few data are available concerning its comparability to stimulants [14][15][16][17]. Furthermore, the deficits due to the behavioral response inhibition, ADHD has been associated with the deficits on a variety of neuropsychological tasks broadly described as measures of ''executive functioning'' [18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomoxetine and Methylphenidate Treatment in Children with ADHD: The Efficacy, Tolerability and Effects on Executive Functions

Yıldız

Şişmanlar

Memik

et al. 2010

Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

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The aim of this study was to compare the safety, efficacy, tolerability, and the effects of atomoxetine and OROS-MPH on executive functions in children with ADHD. This study was an open-label study that only included two medication groups. Children were randomized to open-label atomoxetine or OROS-MPH for 12 weeks. Primary efficacy measures were T-DSM-IV-S, CGI-I and neuropsychological tests battery. Safety assessments included electrocardiogram, adverse events checklist and laboratory tests. According to the endpoint improvement scores of CGI and parents T-DSM-IV-S, treatment responses were not significantly different between the two study groups. OROS-MPH led to a significantly greater reduction in teacher T-DSM-IV-S scale scores. OROS-MPH was more effective than atomoxetine on Stroop-5 time and number of corrections. Significant decrease in the percentage of perseverative errors on WCST in the OROS-MPH group was seen (p = 0.005). The most frequently reported adverse events in the atomoxetine group were anorexia, nausea, nervousness, weight loss, abdominal pain, and somnolence. In the OROS-MPH group, patients most frequently reported anorexia, nervousness, insomnia, headache, nausea, and weight loss. When all these results are considered, although both drugs can be considered effective in ADHD treatment, more remarkable improvement is provided by OROS-MPH based on the rates across informant (i.e., teachers, clinicians) and neuropsychological evaluation.

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A Laboratory School Comparison of Mixed Amphetamine Salts Extended Release (Adderall XR®) and Atomoxetine (Strattera®) in School-Aged Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Cited by 108 publications

References 27 publications

Animal model of methylphenidate's long-term memory-enhancing effects

Animal model of methylphenidate's long-term memory-enhancing effects

Remission in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder via an Effective and Tolerable Titration Scheme for Osmotic Release Oral System Methylphenidate

Atomoxetine and Methylphenidate Treatment in Children with ADHD: The Efficacy, Tolerability and Effects on Executive Functions

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