A large waterborne viral hepatitis E epidemic in Kanpur, India

Naik, S. R.; Aggarwal, Rakesh; Salunke, Pooja; Mehrotra, Nitin

doi:10.1007/bf02821726

Cited by 83 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This model predicts a high ecological suitability in regions where HEV waterborne outbreaks are recurrently identified (e.g. India, Pakistan and African countries above the Equator) 31,33–35 . However, we have not found any reports of HEV outbreaks occurred in Saudi Arabia and only one outbreak has been registered to date in Mexico, while both regions have high predicted suitability under our general model 32 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population density and water balance influence the global occurrence of hepatitis E epidemics

Carratalà

Joost

2019

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In developing countries, the waterborne transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV), caused by HEV genotypes 1 (HEV-1) and 2 (HEV-2), leads to the onset of large recurrent outbreaks. HEV infections are of particular concern among pregnant women, due to very high mortality rates (up to 70%). Unfortunately, good understanding of the factors that trigger the occurrence of HEV epidemics is currently lacking; therefore, anticipating the onset of an outbreak is yet not possible. In order to map the geographical regions at higher risk of HEV epidemics and the conditions most favorable for the transmission of the virus, we compiled a dataset of HEV waterborne outbreaks and used it to obtain models of geographical suitability for HEV across the planet. The main three variables that best predict the geographical distribution of HEV outbreaks at global scale are population density, annual potential evapotranspiration and precipitation seasonality. At a regional scale, the temporal occurrence of HEV outbreaks in the Ganges watershed is negatively correlated with the discharge of the river (r = −0.77). Combined, our findings suggest that ultimately, population density and water balance are main parameters influencing the occurrence of HEV-1 and HEV-2 outbreaks. This study expands the current understanding of the combination of factors shaping the biogeography and seasonality of waterborne viral pathogens such as HEV-1 and HEV-2, and contributes to developing novel concepts for the prediction and control of human waterborne viruses in the near future.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population density and water balance influence the global occurrence of hepatitis E epidemics

Carratalà

Joost

2019

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…4 And, it has caused several outbreaks and epidemics of viral hepatitis in India. 5,6 HEV is also one of the emerging infectious diseases associated with blood transfusions. In 2004, the first case of transfusion-transmitted HEV (TT-HEV) infection was reported from Japan, HEV RNA from the recipient and donor were genotype-matched to confirm the transmission of the infection through blood transfusion in this case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis E virus among the voluntary blood donors in the coastal region of Karnataka, India

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Hepatitis E is a fecal orally transmitted disease and an emerging transfusion transmissible infection with potential transfusion safety implications. Hepatitis E Virus screening among blood donors is not routinely done despite the fact that it is endemic in India. As there are very few reports and evidence, the justification for mandating HEV screening among blood donors is still only marginally convincing. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the incidence and prevalence of HEV infection among blood donors in Coastal Karnataka, India. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Udupi district of Karnataka, India. A total of 1939 blood donors were randomly selected between June 2020 to June 2022 to participate in the study, where anti-HEV IgM antibody screening was performed using HEV IgM ELISA test kit (DiaPro, Italy). Further, a randomly selected 588 and 1620 pooled donor samples were screened for anti-HEV IgG antibodies and HEV RNA, respectively. Results: The overall prevalence of HEV IgM antibodies among study population is found to be 1.39%, with a statistically significant difference between males and females (n=20, 1.18% vs. n=7, 3.07 %; p=0.027). The prevalence of HEV IgG antibodies was 11.39%. Exposure to agriculture, animal husbandry, and poor hand hygiene were significant risk factors for HEV IgG reactivity. Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of HEV viral markers in the study population, routine screening of blood donors for risk factors and implementation of serologic testing in endemic areas may be considered.

show abstract

“…The transmission of viruses between mammals through environmental reservoirs is, however, poorly understood. In the non-industrialized part of the world, hepatic viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) and HEV cause many waterborne epidemics (Naik et al 1992). In the western world, HEV was previously regarded as a travelrelated illness (Hsieh et al 1999); however, HEV genotype 3 has since been discovered in pigs worldwide (Meng et al 1997), and is now considered endemic in pigs in many European countries and North America and as the main reservoir for locally acquired HEV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of viruses and other microorganisms naturally occurring in pig slurry to tile drains on a well-structured loamy field in Denmark

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The amount of animal manure used in modern agriculture is increasing due to the increase in global animal production. Pig slurry is known to contain zoonotic bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp., and viruses such as hepatitis E virus and group A rotavirus. Coliform bacteria, present in manure, have previously been shown to leach into tile drains. This poses a potential threat to aquatic environments and may also influence the quality of drinking water. As knowledge is especially scarce about the fate of viruses when applied to fields in natural settings, this project sets out to investigate the leaching potential of six different microorganisms: E. coli and Enterococcus spp. (detected by colony assay), somatic coliphages (using plaque assays), and hepatitis E virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and group A rotavirus (by real-time polymerase chain reaction). All six microorganisms leached through the soil entering the tile drains situated at 1-m depth the first day following pig slurry application. The leaching pattern of group A rotavirus differed substantially from the pattern for somatic coliphages, which are otherwise used as indicators for virus contamination. Furthermore, group A rotavirus was detected in monitoring wells at 3.5-m depth up to 2 months after pig slurry application. The detection of viral genomic material in drainage water and shallow groundwater signifies a potential hazard to human health that needs to be investigated further, as water reservoirs used for recreational use and drinking water are potentially contaminated with zoonotic pathogens.

show abstract

A large waterborne viral hepatitis E epidemic in Kanpur, India

Cited by 83 publications

References 4 publications

Population density and water balance influence the global occurrence of hepatitis E epidemics

Population density and water balance influence the global occurrence of hepatitis E epidemics

Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis E virus among the voluntary blood donors in the coastal region of Karnataka, India

Leaching of viruses and other microorganisms naturally occurring in pig slurry to tile drains on a well-structured loamy field in Denmark

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About