A Life Course Perspective on Gender Differences in Cognitive Functioning in India

Onur, İlke; Velamuri, Malathi

doi:10.1086/688898

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The CoI is mainly concentrated among the older adults with lower socioeconomic status-uneducated and economically disadvantaged. The study found females at a higher risk of CoI, which is in line with previous studies conducted in India [17]. The possible reason may be gender discrimination, limiting women's access to education and financial resources [18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Socioeconomic inequality in cognitive impairment among India’s older adults and its determinants: a decomposition analysis

Sharma

Pradhan

2023

BMC Geriatr

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Background Cognitive impairment (CoI) is a significant risk factor for ill-health status among the older adults and a major burden on public health. This study unearths the degree of socioeconomic inequalities and assesses the determinants of CoI among the older adults in India. Methods Data on cognitive impairment of older adults aged 60 + years (n = 31,646) gathered in a nationally representative Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (2017–18) was analyzed through STATA with a significance level of 5%. Binary logistic regression, the concentration index, concentration curve, and Shapley decomposition analysis were performed to assess the socioeconomic inequalities and the determinants of CoI. Results Sixteen percent of the older adults had CoI. Females (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.70–2.09), those aged 80 plus years (OR = 3.98, 95%CI = 3.56–4.44), from ST (OR = 2.65, 95%CI = 2.32–3.02), with perceived poor health (OR = 1.61,95%CI = 1.45–1.79), with depression (OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.21–1.43), with no schooling (OR = 16.46, 95%CI = 11.31–23.97) with 1 + ADL (OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.31–1.57) and 1 + IADL (OR = 1.30, 95%CI = 1.19–1.41) had higher odds of CoI than their respective counterparts. Older adults from urban areas (OR = 0.63, 95%CI = 0.57–0.70), higher income groups (OR = 0.61, 95%CI = 0.53- 0.70) and higher education level with sources of financial support (OR = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.61- 0.76) less likely to experience CoI. Economic inequalities exist in the distribution of CoI-the poorest being the most disadvantaged (concentration index value = -0.118). Conclusions There are socioeconomic-related inequalities in CoI among the older adults. The socioeconomically vulnerable older adults, including those illiterates, with poor economic status, women, not-in-union, the older, and those without social support, are more likely to develop CoI. The results suggest awareness generation and more customized policies and programs to reduce the socioeconomic inequalities in CoI among the older adults in India. The improved mental health of the older adults will contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals, including Goal 3 on guaranteeing good health and well-being for all.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Socioeconomic inequality in cognitive impairment among India’s older adults and its determinants: a decomposition analysis

Sharma

Pradhan

2023

BMC Geriatr

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“…It is important to consider that our results are based on an Australian sample, where women typically have equal access to education and gender role attitudes are more equitable (although conservative in parts; Van Egmond et al, 2010). In contrast, women in countries that display more traditional gender role attitudes (e.g., China, India, and parts of Europe; Bonsang et al, 2017) continue to show disadvantage in areas, such as verbal fluency and episodic memory, where women have elsewhere displayed an advantage over men (Lei et al, 2014; Onur & Velamuri, 2016; Weber et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in cognitive development in cohorts of young, middle, and older adulthood over 12 years.

Anstey¹,

Ehrenfeld²,

Mortby³

et al. 2021

Developmental Psychology

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Understanding gender differences in human cognitive development may contribute to understanding the gender differences in outcomes in cognitive ageing. However, evaluation of this topic has been hindered by a lack of representative, longitudinal data from different aged cohorts measured on the same cognitive tests. Gender differences in cognitive abilities were evaluated in three population-based cohorts (baseline age-span 20 to 76, 52% female, 94% Caucasian, 5% Asian and 1% other ethnic background, baseline N = 7,485), initially drawn from the electoral role in Australia where voting is compulsory, that were assessed four times over 12 years on measures of verbal memory, processing speed, working memory, verbal ability, and reaction time. Linear mixed models showed that within each cohort, women had better verbal memory and men had better working memory and faster reaction times. Verbal ability and processing speed showed variable gender differences in the young and middle-aged cohorts but no difference in the oldest cohort. In young and middle age, there were no gender differences in rates of change in verbal memory, processing speed, reaction time, verbal ability, or working memory. In old age, the gender differences were only observed in rates of change in verbal memory. Women showed more verbal memory decline between the 8-year and 12-year follow-ups than men, despite retaining higher average memory performance than men. We conclude that from ages 20-76, gender differences in cognitive abilities are stable except for faster memory ageing among women in the eighth decade.

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“…However, it should be noted that some previous studies showed different results according to a society's economic development. In developed countries, compared with older men, older women tend to have a similar or better level of cognitive impairment risk [38,39], whereas in developing countries, older women are likely to have a higher risk than older men [40][41][42][43]. One study addressed why gender differences in cognitive performance in middle-aged and older populations across Europe declined over time [44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which Occupation is Highly Associated with Cognitive Impairment? A Gender-Specific Longitudinal Study of Paid and Unpaid Occupations in South Korea

Chung

Kim

2020

IJERPH

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Background: To examine the associations between paid and unpaid occupations and the risk of cognitive impairment with respect to gender in a middle-aged population using the dataset of a nationally representative longitudinal survey. Methods: Overall, 24,925 observations of 5865 participants aged 45–64 years were sampled from the seven waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2006–2018). A dichotomous outcome variable was derived based on the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination scores, and occupations were grouped into 12 categories, including three unpaid ones. Sociodemographics, lifestyle, and medical conditions were included as covariates in the mixed logistic regression models. Adjusted odds ratios and predicted probabilities of cognitive impairment were estimated. Results: In the longitudinal models with all-studied covariates, the risk of cognitive impairment was similar between genders but differed across occupation categories for each gender. Moreover, the association between occupation and cognitive impairment varied between genders. Regarding the predicted probability, in men, the retired category exhibited the highest risk of cognitive impairment. However, in women, the highest risk was related to the homemakers category, with the risk being more than five times higher than those in the professionals and related workers category. Conclusions: Public health policies to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in the middle-aged population need to be designed and implemented with respect to both gender and occupation.

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A Life Course Perspective on Gender Differences in Cognitive Functioning in India

Cited by 14 publications

References 62 publications

Socioeconomic inequality in cognitive impairment among India’s older adults and its determinants: a decomposition analysis

Socioeconomic inequality in cognitive impairment among India’s older adults and its determinants: a decomposition analysis

Gender differences in cognitive development in cohorts of young, middle, and older adulthood over 12 years.

Which Occupation is Highly Associated with Cognitive Impairment? A Gender-Specific Longitudinal Study of Paid and Unpaid Occupations in South Korea

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