GlaxoSmithKline.

Hydatid disease is a zoonosis that can involve almost any organ in the human body. After the liver, the lungs are the most common site for hydatid disease in adults. Imaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of the disease, as clinical features are often nonspecific. Classical radiological signs of pulmonary hydatid cysts have been described in the literature, aiding in the diagnosis of the disease. However, complicated hydatid cysts can prove to be a diagnostic challenge at times due to their atypical imaging features. Radiography is the initial imaging modality. Computed tomography can provide a specific diagnosis in complicated cases. Ultrasound is particularly useful in peripheral lung lesions. The role of magnetic resonance imaging largely remains unexplored.

Although CT scan is still superior to MRI in detection of smaller nodules, MRI demonstrates a very high degree of correlation and agreement with CT scan for detecting lung and mediastinal pathology related to TB, in children with thoracic TB and can be particularly useful in select population and follow-up of these children to avoid repeated radiation exposures.

Background: Context: DKA is an important complication of undiagnosed or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Proper management of DKA can prevent morbidity and mortality attributable to diabetes mellitus. The aim of the research was to study the clinical profile and outcome of the children admitted with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA).Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted in pediatric ICU of tertiary level care hospital over three years between January 2013 and December 2015. 29 patients were diagnosed with DKA during the three-year period, the data was collected by reviewing the medical record of the patient and information with respect to personal details, clinical features, laboratory parameters, management and outcome was recorded.Results: 29 patients were diagnosed with DKA, of these 17 were males and 12 females. M:F was 1.4:1 and mean age at presentation was 11.4±4.4 yrs. DKA was the presenting manifestation of Diabetes in 48.2% patients and 51.8% were already known cases of Diabetes. Abdominal pain (62%), polyuria (58.6%), fast breathing (58.6%), vomiting (55.1%), and altered sensorium (44.8%) were common presenting symptoms of DKA. Severe ketoacidosis was noted in 48.2% and severe dehydration in 31%. Shock was observed in 27.5% patients and 20.9% had cerebral edema. Metabolic abnormalities like hponatremia, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia were seen in 44.8%, 13.7%, 24.1%, 17.2% respectively. We had 1 (3.4%) mortality.Conclusions: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is an important cause of hospital admissions and 48.2% of newly diagnosed cases presented with DKA. Infections and omission of the insulin were the most common precipitating factors. For the long- term management strategy it is important to educate of the patients and their parents regarding regular blood sugar monitoring and insulin dosing.

Background:Central venous disease is a serious complication in patients undergoing hemodialysis, often presenting with symptoms of venous hypertension. Treatment is aimed to provide symptomatic relief and to maintain hemodialysis access site patency.Aim:To describe our initial experience in the endovascular treatment of central venous stenosis or obstruction in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Settings and Design:This was a retrospective study carried out in a tertiary care center. Study duration was 24 months. Follow-up was variable.Materials and Methods:Eleven patients of chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis presented with central vein stenosis or obstruction having ipsilateral vascular access, between July 2012 and July 2014. All the patients underwent endovascular treatment and were analyzed retrospectively.Results and Conclusion:A total of 11 patients (4 male and 7 female) underwent 18 interventions for 13 stenotic segments during a time period of 2 years. Eight stenotic segments were in brachiocephalic vein, three in subclavian vein, and two in axillary veins. The technical success rate for endovascular treatment was 81.8%. Two patients underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) alone and presented with restenosis later. Balloon angioplasty followed by stenting was done in seven patients, two of which required reintervention during follow-up. We found endovascular treatment safe and effective in treating central venous disease.