A Lightweight Data Integrity Scheme for Sensor Networks

Abstract

Limited energy is the most critical constraint that limits the capabilities of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Most sensors operate on batteries with limited power. Battery recharging or replacement may be impossible. Security mechanisms that are based on public key cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and digital signatures are prohibitively expensive in terms of energy consumption and storage requirements, and thus unsuitable for WSN applications. This paper proposes a new fragile watermarking technique to detect unauthorized alterations in WSN data streams. We propose the FWC-D scheme, which uses group delimiters to keep the sender and receivers synchronized and help them to avoid ambiguity in the event of data insertion or deletion. The watermark, which is computed using a hash function, is stored in the previous group in a linked-list fashion to ensure data freshness and mitigate replay attacks, FWC-D generates a serial number SN that is attached to each group to help the receiver determines how many group insertions or deletions occurred. Detailed security analysis that compares the proposed FWC-D scheme with SGW, one of the latest integrity schemes for WSNs, shows that FWC-D is more robust than SGW. Simulation results further show that the proposed scheme is much faster than SGW.

A New Digital Watermarking Method for Data Integrity Protection in the Perception Layer of IoT

“…In the experiment antiattack, we verify the antiattack ability of our method against five common attacks. The rest of the experiments compare the embedded capacity, energy consumption, delay, and detection rate with the existing LSB methods SGW [18], LWC [19], FWC-D [20], and multimark [22], respectively, to prove that our algorithm has better performance than the baseline.…”

“…The proposed method does not cause any disturbance to the original data because the watermark is embedded into the redundant positions. The experimental results are shown in Figure 8, which clearly shows that the proposed algorithm saves more energy than the algorithms LSB [18][19][20] and multimark [22].…”

“…The experimental results are shown in Figure 7, whose clarity shows the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of embedding capacity compared to the LSB [18][19][20] and multimark [22]. Embedding the watermark at the lowest bit (LSB) not only limits the watermark embedding capacity, but also disrupts the integrity of the data which is fatal for the high-precision applications.…”

“…Kamel and Juma [20] proposed FWC-D algorithm to address the inherent security vulnerabilities of the above two methods. The algorithm first divided the sensed data into groups of the same size according to the delimiter (the value that the sensed data could not reach).…”

A Reversible Watermarking Scheme Based on Difference Expansion for Wireless Sensor Networks

“…The blank character method embedded spaces selectively according to the corresponding data bit of watermark information is 1 or 0, which increases the length of the data packet and the data cannot be accurately regained. Although the way of the former modifying the least significant bit [12][13][14][15][16] has no effect on the amount of data transmitted, the accuracy of the data has been damaged. RDE scheme not only has no additional transmission overhead but also regains the original data reversibly.…”