A Lightweight Payment Verification Protocol for Blockchain Transactions on IoT Devices

Pouraghily, Arman; Wolf, Tilman

doi:10.1109/iccnc.2019.8685545

Cited by 29 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Another work, [30], proposes a ticket-based verification protocol with the aim of enabling IoT devices to perform economic transactions. Specifically, they propose to use contract manager and transaction verifier to cut the processing burden on the IoT devices.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

LNGate

Kurt

Mercan

Shlomovits

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks

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Bitcoin has emerged as a revolutionary payment system with its decentralized ledger concept however it has significant problems such as high transaction fees and long confirmation times. Lightning Network (LN), which was introduced much later, solves most of these problems with an innovative concept called off-chain payments. With this advancement, Bitcoin has become an attractive venue to perform micro-payments which can also be adopted in many IoT applications (e.g. toll payments). Nevertheless, it is not feasible to host LN and Bitcoin on IoT devices due to the storage, memory, and processing requirements. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an efficient and secure protocol that enables an IoT device to use LN through an untrusted gateway node. The gateway hosts LN and Bitcoin nodes and can open & close LN channels, send LN payments on behalf of the IoT device. This delegation approach is powered by a (2,2)-threshold scheme that requires the IoT device and the LN gateway to jointly perform all LN operations which in turn secures both parties' funds. Specifically, we propose to thresholdize LN's Bitcoin public and private keys as well as its commitment points. With these and several other protocol level changes, IoT device is protected against revoked state broadcast, collusion, and ransom attacks. We implemented the proposed protocol by changing LN's source code and thoroughly evaluated its performance using a Raspberry Pi. Our evaluation results show that computational and communication delays associated with the protocol are negligible. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that implemented threshold cryptography in LN.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

LNGate

Kurt

Mercan

Shlomovits

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks

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show abstract

“…In our work, we cover a broader aspect of IoT applications and IoT's funds are not held by third parties. A different work focusing on Ethereum micro-payments rather than Bitcoin was proposed by Pouraghily and Wolf [13]. They employ a Ticket-Based Veri ication Protocol (TBVP) for a similar purpose, enabling IoT devices to perform inancial transactions in an IoT ecosystem.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

3-of-3 multisignature approach for enabling lightning network micro-payments on IoT devices

Kurt¹,

Mercan²,

Erdin³

et al. 2021

ITU-J FET

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Bitcoin's success as a cryptocurrency enabled it to penetrate into many daily life transactions. Its problems regarding the transaction fees and long validation times are addressed through an innovative concept called the Lightning Network (LN) which works on top of Bitcoin by leveraging off-chain transactions. This made Bitcoin an attractive micropayment solution that can also be used within certain IoT applications (e.g., toll payments) since it eliminates the need for traditional centralized payment systems. Nevertheless, it is not possible to run LN and Bitcoin on resource-constrained IoT devices due to their storage, memory, and processing requirements. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an efficient and secure protocol that enables an IoT device to use LN's functions through a gateway LN node even if it is not trusted. The idea is to involve the IoT device only in signing operations, which is possible by replacing LN's original 2-of-2 multisignature channels with 3-of-3 multisignature channels. Once the gateway is delegated to open a channel for the IoT device in a secure manner, our protocol enforces the gateway to request the IoT device's cryptographic signature for all further operations on the channel such as sending payments or closing the channel. LN's Bitcoin transactions are revised to incorporate the 3-of-3 multisignature channels. In addition, we propose other changes to protect the IoT device's funds from getting stolen in possible revoked state broadcast attempts. We evaluated the proposed protocol using a Raspberry Pi considering a toll payment scenario. Our results show that timely payments can be sent and the computational and communication delays associated with the protocol are negligible.

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“…Due to the high cost of deployment, IoT-based solutions are restricted but it can be overcomed by horizontal integration of IoT devices and the use of blockchain system. In this direction, a ticket-based verification protocol is implemented in [116], which does not require the participation of IoT devices in complex transactions, and therefore it can be used in low-end IoT devices. It reduces the networking and processing overhead of IoT devices in the system.…”

Section: Authenticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[43] Validates blockchain data with random nodes to confirm block headers without only depending on the central server. [116] A ticket-based verification protocol is implemented, which does not require the participation of IoT devices in complex transactions. [117] The proposed framework is lightweight and scalable, and suitable for devices having limited storage capabilities.…”

Section: Authenticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Can Applications of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Improve Performance of Internet of Things? -- A Survey

Bothra¹,

Karmakar

Bhattacharya³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), massive computing devices surrounding us operate and interact with each other to provide several significant services in industries, medical as well as in daily life activities at home, office, education sectors, and so on. The participating devices in an IoT network usually have resource constraints and the devices are prone to different cyber attacks, leading to the loopholes in the security and authentication. As a revolutionized and innovated technology, blockchain, that is applied in cryptocurrency, market prediction, etc., uses a distributed ledger that records transactions securely and efficiently. To utilize the great potential of blockchain, both industries and academia have paid a significant attention to integrate it with the IoT, as reported by several existing literature. On the other hand, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is able to embed intelligence in a system, and thus the AI can be integrated with IoT devices in order to automatically cope with different environments according to the demands. Furthermore, both blockchain and AI can be integrated with the IoT to design an automated secure and robust IoT model, as mentioned by numerous existing works. In this survey, we present a discussion on the IoT, blockchain, and AI, along with the descriptions of several research works that apply blockchain and AI in the IoT. In this direction, we point out strengths and limitations of the related existing researches. We also discuss different open challenges to exploit the full capacities of blockchain and AI in designing an IoT-based model. Therefore, the highlighted challenging issues can open the door for the development of future IoT models which will be intelligent and secure based on the integration of blockchain and AI with the IoT.

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A Lightweight Payment Verification Protocol for Blockchain Transactions on IoT Devices

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

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3-of-3 multisignature approach for enabling lightning network micro-payments on IoT devices

How Can Applications of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Improve Performance of Internet of Things? -- A Survey

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