A linear, ultra wideband, low‐power, 2.1–5 GHz, VCO

Abstract

SUMMARYA linear, Ultra Wideband, low-power VCO, suitable for UWB-FM applications is proposed, forming the main part of a UWB-FM transmitter. The VCO is designed in TSMC 90 nm digital CMOS process and includes a Source-Coupled Multivibrator, used as current-controlled oscillator (CCO) which generates output frequencies between 2.1 and 5 GHz and a voltage-to-current (V-to-I) converter which translates the VCO input voltage modulation signal to current. Two single-ended inverter buffers are employed to drive either a differential or a single-ended UWB antenna. The presented VCO is designed for 1 V power supply and exhibits a linear tuning range of 2.1-5 GHz, a differential output power of −7.83 dBm±0.78 dB and low power consumption of 8.26 mW, including the output buffers, at the maximum oscillation frequency. It is optimized for a very high ratio of tuning range (81.69%) over power consumption equal to 9.95 dB. The desired frequency band of 3.1-5 GHz for UWB-FM applications is covered for the entire industrial temperature range (−40 to 125 • C).

Design of a 75‐nW, 0.5‐V subthreshold complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor operational amplifier

“…According to the proposed design procedure, the dimensions and the bias currents of the transistors of the differential pair were set from (4)- (7) to meet the constraints on the DC gain and the noise. Then, the compensation network elements, the bias currents, and the dimensions of the transistors of the second amplifier stage were chosen according to (8)-(10) aiming to reach the desired GBW and SR values in the presence of an estimated load capacitance (C L ) of 30 pF.…”

“…From (3a), the transconductance of the second amplifier stage (g m7 ) is automatically fixed once I D6,7 is fixed. Once I D6,7 is fixed, it is possible to find the M 6,7 aspect ratio, similar to relation (7). As for M 1,2 , a check of the transistor behavior for M 6,7 with the chosen aspect ratios and drain currents must be fulfilled to avoid moderate inversion region operation.…”

“…For such systems, power consumption reduction becomes crucial to extend battery lifetime [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. For such systems, power consumption reduction becomes crucial to extend battery lifetime [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

“…Emerging battery-operated applications such as portable medical devices and microsensor nodes are representing a rapidly increasing niche in the electronics market. For such systems, power consumption reduction becomes crucial to extend battery lifetime [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Lowering the supply voltage is the main approach to reduce power consumption in digital electronic circuits.…”

Ευφυές Υπολογιστικό Σύστημα Για Την Ανίχνευση Ελαττωμάτων Και Ανωμαλιών Στην Ηλεκτρολογία

“…For the development of each classifier, we used and combined a variety of hyperparameters to optimize each classifier (7). For our initial real data set we selected the best-performing classifier based on Precision, Sensitivity, Specificity and F1-score metrics (8), which was a GB-based classifier (9).…”