A Literature Review of Abnormal Ignition by Fuel and Lubricant Derivatives

Chapman, Elana; Costanzo, Vincent

doi:10.4271/2015-01-1869

Cited by 41 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Preignition, which is an ignition event before it is expected and generally where it is not expected, is a type of abnormal combustion that has been observed since the 1920s [2] in systems such as aircraft [3] and automotive internal combustion (IC) engines [4]. As these engineering systems have evolved with time, the factors that lead to preignition back then could be different to those observed nowadays [5]. Generally, preignition hypotheses revolve around the existence of hot surfaces [6] or hot particles [7,8,9] that can be the source of end-gas ignition during an engine cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shock tube studies of ethanol preignition

Figueroa-Labastida

Badra

Elbaz

et al. 2018

Combustion and Flame

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CitationFigueroa-Labastida M, Badra J, Elbaz AM, Farooq A (2018) Shock tube studies of ethanol preignition. . Available: http://dx. AbstractUnderstanding premature ignition or preignition is of great importance as this phenomenon influences the design and operation of internal combustion engines. Preignition leading to super-knock restricts the efficiency of downsized boosted engines. To gain a fundamental understanding of preignition and how it affects an otherwise homogeneous ignition process, a shock tube may be used to decipher the influence of fuel chemical structure, temperature, pressure, equivalence ratio and bath gas on preignition. In a previous work by Javed et al.[1], ignition delay time measurements of nheptane showed significantly expedited reactivity compared to well-validated chemical kinetic models in the intermediate-temperature regime. In the current work, ethanol is chosen as a representative fuel that, unlike n-heptane, does not exhibit negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behaviour. Reactive mixtures containing 2.9% and 5% of ethanol at equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 1 were used for the measurement of ignition delay times behind reflected shock waves at 2 and 4 bar. Effect of bath gas was studied with mixtures containing either Ar or N2. In addition to conventional side-wall pressure and OH* measurements, a high-speed imaging setup was utilized to visualize the shock tube crosssection through a transparent quartz end-wall. The results suggest that preignition events are more likely to happen in mixtures containing higher ethanol concentration and that preignition energy release is more pronounced at lower temperatures. High-speed imaging shows that low-temperature ignition process is usually initiated from an individual hot spot that grows gradually, while hightemperatures ignition starts from many spots simultaneously which consume the reactive mixture almost homogeneously.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shock tube studies of ethanol preignition

Figueroa-Labastida

Badra

Elbaz

et al. 2018

Combustion and Flame

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“…Multiple auto-ignitions inside cylinder may be observed during the pre-ignition event. Pre-ignition in SI engines are well reported in literature [17,18,19,20,21,22] and methods to suppress the pre-ignition that may lead to super-knock is also suggested in literature [18]. Origin of pre-ignition inside engines through optical measurements is also reported [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Engine oil droplets and oil composition play a major role in influencing the pre-ignition and flame initiation [19]. Characterization of pre-ignition due to engine oil droplets has been studied widely and reported in literature [20,21,22]. Composition of the lubricity additive in the engine oil is often identified as another major source of pre-ignition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methods that model this interplay are highly desirable; and example of such modeling is presented by Kalghati et al [20]. A recent review of the vast history of engine knock is given by Chapman and Costanzo [21]. Based on genetic algorithm, a model for knock onset was formulated recently, considering multi-variable effects including pressure, temperature, EGR ratio and excess air ratio (k) [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Timing and Location of Hotspot on Super Knock during Pre-ignition

Ali

Pérez

Vedharaj

et al. 2017

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Pre-ignition in SI engine is a critical issue that needs addressing as it may lead to super knock event. It is widely accepted that pre-ignition event emanates from hot spot(s) that can be anywhere inside the combustion chamber. The location and timing of hotspot is expected to influence the knock intensity from a pre-ignition event. In this study, we study the effect of location and timing of hot spot inside the combustion chamber using numerical simulations. The simulation is performed using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, CONVERGE™. We simulate 3-D engine geometry coupled with chemistry, turbulence and moving structures (valves, piston). G-equation model for flame tracking coupled with multi-zone model is utilized to capture auto-ignition (knock) and solve gas phase kinetics. A parametric study on the effect of hot spot timing and location inside the combustion chamber is performed. The hot spot timing considered are -180 CAD, -90 CAD and -30 CAD and the locations of the hot spots are in the center and two edges of the piston surfaces. Simulation results for normal combustion cycle are validated against the experimental data. The simulation results show great sensitivity to the hot spot timing, and the influence of local temperature gradient is noted to be significant. In case of early hot spot timing of -180 CAD, the pre-ignition event did not lead to super knock. Nevertheless, at late hot spot timing, super knock was realized. On the other hand, the effect of hot spot location on pre-ignition event depends on the geometry of the combustion chamber.

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“…To prove the accuracy of the ignition delay model, the estimated values are compared to the ignition delay values measured during standard operating cycles.Once the pre-igniting cycles have been identified, the controller performs a proper reduction of the injected amount of fuel, the goal being to immediately reduce the temperature of the hot spots and avoid consecutive abnormal combustions. As a matter of fact, both experiments and the literature confirm that abnormal ignitions by one source can induce abnormal ignitions by the other [3]. As an example, a pre-ignition due to a hot spot can result in increased heat transfer to the piston (increasing the local temperature) and result in end-gas knock in the following cycles.…”

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confidence: 87%

Model-Based Pre-Ignition Diagnostics in a Race Car Application

Ravaglioli

Bussi

2019

Energies

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Since 2014, Formula 1 engines have been turbocharged spark-ignited engines. In this scenario, the maximum engine power available in full-load conditions can be achieved only by optimizing combustion phasing within the cycle, i.e., by advancing the center of combustion until the limit established by the occurrence of abnormal combustion. High in-cylinder pressure peaks and the possible occurrence of knocking combustion significantly increase the heat transfer to the walls and might generate hot spots inside the combustion chamber. This work presents a methodology suitable to properly diagnose and control the occurrence of pre-ignition events that emanate from hot spots. The methodology is based on a control-oriented model of the ignition delay, which is compared to the actual ignition delay calculated from the real-time processing of the in-cylinder pressure trace. When the measured ignition delay becomes significantly smaller than that modeled, it means that ignition has been activated by a hot spot instead of the spark plug. In this case, the presented approach, implemented in the electronic control unit (ECU) that manages the whole hybrid power unit, detects a pre-ignition event and corrects the injection pattern to avoid the occurrence of further abnormal combustion.

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A Literature Review of Abnormal Ignition by Fuel and Lubricant Derivatives

Cited by 41 publications

References 18 publications

Shock tube studies of ethanol preignition

Shock tube studies of ethanol preignition

Effect of Timing and Location of Hotspot on Super Knock during Pre-ignition

Model-Based Pre-Ignition Diagnostics in a Race Car Application

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